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i'd like to welcomeyou to the fourth of the series of workshopsthat we-- that a group of us started in 19-- 2012. and the goal was to raiseawareness and preparedness for this-- for the eventof next august 2017.

custom wood branding irons uk, now, i'd like toopen this workshop by sharing with you the magicof total solar eclipses, when the sun unveils its incrediblebeauty and the magic also of scientific discovery.

the magic never failsat every eclipse, as the sun's full glory, orcorona, is different each time. and for thosecurious to understand the secrets of thesun, each eclipse never fails to offer newchances for discoveries. so it all starts when the sunfinds itself suddenly getting obscured by a new moon. a shadow severalhundred miles wide darkens the landscape in midday.

a feeling of suspenseand awe, sometimes fear, electrifies the air. an hour later, thedarkness is total, and the cheers begin aswe experience a spectacle beyond compare. the sun's beauty issuddenly revealed. now, red flames protrudesbeyond the edge of the moon, swaying elegantlyand mysteriously. several centuries ago, peoplenamed them prominences.

now, beyond the prominences,you see a crown of white light that appears. it shimmers as it fills thespace with streamers whooshing outwards and any which way. cameras snap, with hopes tocapture the sight they behold. alas, when thephotos are produced, the eyewitnessbeauty is subdued. however, some clever folks, likefred espenak, serge koutchmy, miloslav druckmuller,and hugh morgan

figured out a way to restore thebeauty the eye had witnessed. they came up with imageprocessing techniques that revealed far morethan the eye could see. now, an even more beautifulcorona is revealed. you have rays uponrays everywhere, streaming, merging,and diverging, curling in fiery beauty. they move acrossarches of all sizes, reaching out into theinfinity of space.

we now know thatthey are tracers of the complex magnetic fieldlines that emerge from the sun. every eclipse is adifferent magical surprise, revealing the intriguingbeauty of coronal features. in this total solar eclipse of2010, we found an elongated-- or captured anelongated, twisted sheet that emerged from thesnapping of a prominence. in 2013, it was adouble jeopardy. totality captured theinstantaneous state

of two prominencesthat had snapped away. i don't know if this is working. so you can see here-- i'lljust-- if you notice the two red boxes, the topone and this one, and what's running on the rightis a movie taken from space. and i'll go backand-- and you can see how-- actuallyyou see the formation of this bubble in the space. and we happened to capture itduring the total solar eclipse.

now, not only are brightrays and streamers ubiquitous in allprocessed eclipse images, there are some faint bubbles. so if you look closely, youcan see the bubbles at the top, like turbulent smoke rings. and some of them are tiny. others are huge. and they expand outwardsto the edge of the images. where do they come from?

do they continue theirvoyage into space unscathed? thank you. then indeed, a close-upof a view from-- sorry. so this is a close-up viewof one of the eclipse images. you can see that theprominences stretches-- they can-- sometimesthey can stretch away from the solar surface. and they becomeintricately intertwined with the filamentary structureof the corona, as you see here.

so everything that'sreddish is actually the prominence material. and the mystery ofthis pinkish color came about with the inventionof the spectrograph, and it was found that thiswas none other than hydrogen, which is an elementessential for life. but in this case, it's at atemperature of 10,000 degrees. now, the inventionof the spectrograph also led two people, youngand harkness, in 1869,

to discover a new brightline not seen on earth. so if this is a spectrumof the sun taking during-- of the corona takenduring a solar eclipse, and they really didn't knowwhat this green line was. and they called itcoronium, for corona. and it took 70 yearsfor [inaudible] to establish that thiswas the element of iron, or the atom of iron,that was stripped of 13 of its 26 electrons.

so basically it losthalf of its electrons. so it's highly charged. and this could-- cannothappen at any normal-- under normal circumstances. so the temperatureof the environment has to be at least at a milliondegrees for this to happen. so the big questionis, how does it happen that the surface of thesun is at about 6,000 degrees, and then you getinto a corona that's

at a million degrees or more? so this mystery isstill facing us. now, at this hightemperature, the corona can no longer stayconfined to the sun, but it's swept into space,and we call it-- actually it was parker who came upwith the term "solar wind." and the speedscan range anywhere from 300 to 800kilometers per second, which is equivalent to amaximum of 500 miles per second.

and it's throughthis wind's voyage that the sun's fickle magnetstease the earth's magnets and produce its own show. so in the deep clear wintersof the arctic nights, you can see drapes ofyellow, red, and green rays that can suddenly adorn the sky. and those are what is knownas the aurora borealis, or australis if you're inthe southern hemisphere. and they result from theinteraction of the particles

from the sun with the particlesin the earth's atmosphere. there's another manifestationof the solar wind, which is in the form of comet tails. and these-- so what theyshow, and you have two tails. you have a gas tailand a dust trail. and they are alwayspointed away from the sun. and biermann actuallycame up with the idea first that this ionizedgas trail was an indication that there werecharged particles

escaping from the sun. so all these are manifestations,because the wind, i mean, how could you see the wind? it's just going by. it's not like you can see asail in interplanetary space. but you can see itthrough the manifestations of either comets or aurore. now, you would-- the discoverythat the corona was actually so hot meant that it couldemit, in x-rays and ultraviolet

and extreme ultraviolet. so this actually paved theway for space exploration, since this radiationcannot reach the ground. and in the-- the inset hereis from the solar dynamics observatory. it's one of the telescopesthat observes the sun in the extreme ultraviolet. and you can see,unlike eclipses, where you have towait for the sun

to block the verybright solar disc, here you see the intricatedetails on the solar disc, as well as expandingaway from the sun. so the corona isseen everywhere. however, there is a limitation. and as you see fromthis composite taken at the same time asthe eclipse of 2010, the emission doesn't extendvery far from the sun. so you really stillneed an eclipse

to be able to see how thesevery intricate details that are on the solarsurface, how they expand into interplanetary space. now, there's anotherdiscovery that was-- you know, came about fromusing spectrographs with total solareclipse observations. and that's the discoverythat we didn't just have the iron that wascharged-- ionized so many times, but there were differentcharged states of iron.

so for example,you can find iron that's lost five, six, seven,eight, nine, 10 electrons. and each one of thesestates of electron loss corresponds to a differenttemperature of the medium. so if you observe the sunusing special filters that only choose these specialcolors from these ions, then you can more or less mapthe temperature of the corona. and this is anexample from 2008, where the green shows youthe emission from iron

that i told you earlier,the coronium line, and the red is from iron thathad lost 10 of its electrons. now, the iron-11corresponds to a temperature of a million degrees,whereas the iron-14 corresponds to a temperatureof 2 million degrees. so here, for thefirst time, we have a map of the distribution ofthe temperature in the corona, through these verysimple observations of just using the right filterin front of your cameras

during a total solar eclipse. now, another mystery emergedwith these observations, is that if you look inthis particular example, there was a huge prominence hereat the northwest of the sun. and this-- the prominencesare known to be-- i told you earlier, they'reat 10,000 degrees, and now i'm tellingyou the corona is at several million degrees. and it just so happened that theprominences were caught always

with the hottestmaterial around them. it's like you have a nutor a pit inside a fruit, and the outside isall very, very hot, and the inside is very cold. and they always appear together,wherever you look at the sun and you see a prominence. so this is still a mysterythat we haven't solved. another interesting aspectof eclipse observations is every singleeclipse observation,

the corona is different. so we know that thecorona is changing. and here in this renditionof different images taken from different eclipsesthroughout time, you can see that--and here in the inset is the change in numberof sunspots on the sun. and this is anexample of the sun with some of its black spots. and we know that thesunspots correspond

to areas on the solar surfacewhere the magnetism is very highly concentrated. and here you see that thisconcentration, somehow the changes of thedistribution of these sunspots produces correspondingchanges in the solar corona. or at least, we think it is. they go in tandem. so for example, when you havea large number of sunspots, you can see thecorona has streamers

all around thecircumference of the sun, whereas when the number isvery small, these streamers, you know, they'rekind of-- go down to more equatorial regions. so we still don't understandthis relationship. now, recently we looked at thedistribution of temperature, together with the changeof the shape of the corona. so these are images where,again, the red is from iron-11, which is the 1 milliondegrees, and the green is

from 2 million degrees. and we compiled theseimages from 2006 to 2015. unfortunately, 2012 and2013, we were rained out and stormed out, so we onlyhad white light images. and we saw that actually, thedistribution of the temperature changed also. it wasn't just theshape of the corona. so the big questionis, what is causing the change in the temperature?

is it the sunspot, asi mentioned earlier? or is it now the fact that youhave these prominences that seem to have a much moreimportant role in defining the structure of the coronathan originally anticipated? and i will come toalmost the end of my talk with the latest discoveryfrom an eclipse observation, and this was last year, whenwe observed from svalbard. so i'll explain whatthis picture is. the background is awhite light picture

taken from-- during totality. and then we had a spectrograph,and with the spectrograph, the slit was very long. it more or less goes from topto bottom in this field of view. and we allowed the slit todrift through the field of view. so it drifted from centralmeridian all the way to-- this was the last edge. and what we foundis, along the slit, we found evidencefor parcels of gas

moving away from theobserver, starting at speeds, ranging in speeds from100 kilometers per second to 1,500 kilometers per second. so these colors herecorrespond to these speeds. and you can see howthe distribution seems to be random. the other very interesting thingwas, in some of these parcels, there was cool material,like the material you see in prominences,together with the hot material.

so all these rectanglesthat are encircled with red, have a red boundary--for example, here, and this one-- theyhad cool material associated, again, with the hot material. so clearly, the prominencesthat you're seeing at the sun, when they are erupting, theyare actually combined or glued to the magnetic fieldsthat are around them, and that are very hot,and they escape together so this was a-- wecould map these motions.

it was by sheer luckthat we captured them. but all of these motionswere going into the board. so it wasn't, like, inthe plane of the sky. so it's material that'sgoing away from us. and it's most likelylike these plasmoids that i had shown you thepicture of, except this time, it was going inanother direction. so now, you wonder, well, wehave all these terrific space observations, and wehave eclipses every year

or year and a half. we are under themercy of weather. why do we keep on doingeclipse observations? well, this slide isan additional reason why we do this,because what i show here are the different fieldsof view of the different-- or the extent of the differentobservatories or instruments, both in space and on the ground. so this is the solar discobscured by the moon,

and you can see some ofthe details of the moon. this one here is the fieldof the view of the largest solar telescope that'sbeing built on haleakala, the summit on maui. and it's called the danielk. inouye solar telescope. but you see the field ofview is extremely small. it will havetremendous resolutions, so it's like a microscopelooking at the sun. but then you losewhere you're looking.

you see that-- you cansee the fine details, but you really don'thave a context. you move to the euv, whichis this white boundary. and if you just look insideit, ok, you have great details, but you lose all the extension. and then the coronal graphsthat are basically manmade occulters, or likemoons, that are operating in space or from theground, they start-- well, the one in space blocksthe whole sun out to two,

and then it startsto see things. so you can imagine that ifyou block all this view, you really don't know whereall these streamers came from. the red here showsyou the extent of what we can seefrom the ground in these special filters,or the iron line. so clearly, if you want tounderstand how everything starts at the solarsurface and expands into interplanetaryspace, at the moment

there's nothing elseother than eclipses. so this is why we keepon trying to do the best and to maximize our chancesto get eclipse observations. so with this, iwill end by saying, as with every totalsolar eclipse, the evening aftera dusk, there's a sliver from the new moon thatsmiles mischievously at us. it seems to be proud to haveput on a magnificent show. it lingers, asking forattention and thankfulness.

in the day after, allwill be forgotten, but not for the moon, who knowsthat it can repeat its trick, even if it has towait a year or so. so on august 21,2017, while some of us will struggle to get ourinstruments ready in time to extract one more secretfrom the sun, the rest of you should go out thereand enjoy the show. [applause] thank you, shadia.

hi, everybody. thanks for coming, again. and my name is charles fulco. i'm a formerteacher in new york. i'm now a scienceconsultant, working for boces, which is acooperative educational new york state system of teachingteachers professional development. and it's been awonderful year of being

away from the classroom. although i do miss mystudents tremendously, it's been a fantastic year. i could have neverimagined the experiences i've encountered in mytravels across the us, doing eclipse educationaland public outreach. i've met fantastic people. i've had amazing timesat science conferences, and just an incrediblechain of events

leading up to here today. and this is my thirdtime in carbondale. thanks to bob forhaving me, again. and this is not for the peoplei usually hang out with. this is for people who maybe experiencing an eclipse for the very first time. so i'm kind ofpreaching to the choir for a good numberof people here. but for those who have neverhad the wonderful experience

of seeing an eclipse,especially a total eclipse, this is for all of you. so a quick question. how many peoplehave actually-- have actually seen a total solareclipse, clouds included? ok. how many peoplehave never seen one? wow. you-- ok.

so just a quick warning. whatever you see here, whetherit's a photograph or video, is absolutely nothing comparedto what you'll see in a little over a year, from whetheryou view it from here or from any other part ofthe path that runs through 12 states through the us. it's a very, veryexciting event. and a partial eclipse, orsomething less than this, wouldn't cause allof us to gather here

and to travel many thousandsof-- tens of thousands of miles around the globe like we do. so again, whateveryou see here, just-- i can't even begin to tell youhow much more of a magnitude it actually will be. so let me start offwith thanks to michael zeiler for hiswonderful graphics with greatamericaneclipse.com. and yes, lucky you, allyou carbondale-ites,

because you have notonly the opportunity to see a total eclipse in2017, but again in 2024. you've really beat the odds. how many teachers do wehave in the audience? ok, good. very good. anybody want to take a guess,if you were just at any randomly selected place onearth, how long you'd have to wait to see-- fromone total eclipse to the next,

in years? anybody want to guess? how much? yeah, just about 350. so to have one repeat in sevenyears is really tremendous. there's actually 437 days to go. but i took a shot of thisa few days, seven days ago. again, this is frommichael's site. and the countdowntruly has begun,

and every day bringsus a little closer to august 21 of next year. i'm not going to open these--we don't have much time, so i'm not going toopen these websites. but just-- i'll alsohave this available for any teachers or anybody whowants to have my presentation, so you could actually perusethese at your leisure. but this is a wonderfulsite that i use constantly in my talks and my travels.

it shows you the paththrough 12 states, and it shows you also themagnitude of the eclipse if you are either northof the central-- north of the path of the umbra orsouth of the path of the umbra. a lot of my lessonplans that i'm designing aregeared for teachers out of the path of the umbra,because that's where most people will see the eclipse. and even those who dosee a total eclipse,

they will also see a partialbefore and a partial after. xavier jubier is also thecreator of this wonderful site, google earth eclipses. and again, take achance, take a while to just sit down for a longtime and have fun with this, because this isa wonderful site. if you're teachers,also, if you're familiar withgoogle earth, you'll have no problemmanipulating this.

and it's a wonderful additionto any earth science program or astronomy program. any earth science teachers orastronomy teachers out here? good. make sure this becomespart of your-- it is. has everyone seen thevideo that's gone viral from alaska airlines? ever seen it? ok, i don't haveto play it, then.

well, a lot of placeswhere i've been, they actually haven't seen it. actually, some peoplehaven't seen it. so i was saving it for them. but you guys are, i'msure, all seen it. but it's a terrific,terrific way to show peoplethat, like i said, don't watch the videoso much as listen to it. it's a wonderful resource,because you know, again,

the video cannot possiblyconvey what the human eye can capture-- from the exposurerange to the colors and everything. so what i tell people andstudents to do is listen to what the people are sayingand screaming and doing, and it's-- you look back, andlike, did i really say that? and yes, you really did, becauseyour mind goes into overload. you say things you--it's just incredible. so if you get a chance also,if you haven't seen it,

take a look at that. just have to show this one. now, this is a video thatwas shot at the eclipse i went to see in patagonia. and let's see if--oh, forget it. i was connected. i don't know what happened. i will-- again, if you wantto access my presentation, you can see it for yourself.

the bottom link,though, was a group of people that did nottravel to an elevation we did in patagonia. we were about 1,000 meters. these people were half of that. and a little thing calledthe andes got in the way just as the sunhit second contact. and the strangething is, they didn't seem too concerned about it.

they were-- i would havekilled the tour guide. there would have been ahomicide in patagonia that day. but for some reason,they were cool with it. but again, if youhaven't seen it, you don't know whatyou're missing. so that was a perfectexample of that. ok, eclipses 101. very, very basic here. and again, i apologizeto those who learned this

a million years ago. you need the sun, the earth,and the moon to have an eclipse. and they alwaysoccur at new moon, because that's the onlypoint in the earth's orbit where the moon comes betweenthe sun and the earth, at which point the shadow--if we're lucky, about every 18 months or so-- the darkestpart of the moon's shadow will fall at someplaceon the earth. it doesn't have to be total.

it could be a partial. and in fact, there has to be twopartial eclipses-- two eclipses of the sun every year. they could both be partial. one could be total. and the cool thing is--here's the weird thing, and this flips me out everytime i go to an eclipse, is the fact that the moon is400 times smaller than the sun, but the sun is also400 times farther away.

and so i take, closing oneeye, looking at your thumb and then blocking--making thumb the same size as the sun in the sky. and it's one of the mostamazing coincidences in nature. and if the moonwere any smaller, we wouldn't have total eclipses. if it were anylarger, you wouldn't see all the beauty of theinner corona at an eclipse. so that's one thingthat always gets me.

here's just a quickvisual, showing you what happens at new moon, sometimes. and another michael zeilergraphic which i love. it's very three-dimensional. it's very hard to conveya three-dimensional event on a two-dimensionalscreen or in a textbook. this kind of comesclose, actually. it really kind of gives youan idea of what's happening. and the moon does move acrossthe country, our country,

next year as it doesfrom west to east, beginning at sunrisein the pacific ocean, and ending at sunsetin the atlantic ocean, touching no other pointof land besides the us. so this is truly agreat american eclipse. and as i said, about totaleclipses, they're not rare. they're not-- theyhappen every year, except the earth is 75% water,ocean, so a lot of times the shadow does fallacross the ocean,

making it rather inaccessible. or it might go to a placelike svalbard, which is quite inaccessible, or patagonia. but the hardy soulslike us get there. this is a shot i took-- verylow quality, unfortunately-- but it's just a fun shot. i like it. that's the diamondring effect, which we're going to talk about.

some of the phenomena thatyou see at total eclipses, which is why we alltravel to see them, are what shadia justmentioned, the solar corona. the solar corona islike a fingerprint. no two eclipses ever havethe same shape corona, or even the samebrightness of the corona. i saw an eclipse in 1999from salzburg, austria, and it remindedme of a sunflower. and the corona i saw frompatagonia was golden-colored.

and the one from '91 was veryethereal and very tenuous. it was very, very nice. baily's beads, namedafter sir francis baily. they are caused by peaks andvalleys in the lunar limb, and the last bit ofsunlight before the moon completely covers the sunleaves those valleys to let in a little bit of light. and as the moon finishescovering the sun, that last valley produces what'scalled the diamond ring effect.

and again, the camera cannever really capture it. photos that, like, fred hastaken, fred espenak's taken, jay [inaudible], shadia. i mean, you know,there's fantastic photographers down the list. and they come very, very close. those are some amazing pictures. if you haven'tseen their photos, just please go onand access them,

because the diamondring, to me, is one of the most phenomenalaspects of a total eclipse. and because it's so cool,you get to see it twice. you get to see it justbefore totality begins, and just as totality ends. and there's a diamondring effect right there. and shadow bands. i've never seen them. i know they exist becausepeople have told me about them.

they're almost akinto, like, the bottom of a pool, when you havesunlight shining through, and you get the rippleson the bottom of the pool. i usually spend my time lookingat-- from the horizon on up. and i haven't seen thoseyet, but that's something that other peoplepay attention to. prominences are alsokind of interesting, because they're likea fingerprint, too. that's why thebeauty of an eclipse

is-- besides of itsinherent gorgeousness, you never get the sameexact eclipse twice. in my first eclipse in 1991, wehad two beautiful prominences, which are gases of hydrogenabove the solar surface. and some of them justseem to be detached. others are attachedand can form a loop. but they all havedifferent shapes. and we had aseahorse prominence, looked exactly like a seahorse.

and then we had alazy s prominence. so that was a real treat too. chromosphere is a very, verybeautiful, beautiful thing to look at it. it's very fleeting. it doesn't last very long. the outer surfaceof the sun, it's a, i guess a magenta,electric pink, neon pink. again, it's one of those colorsthat you don't see walking down

the street in nature. it's something that i'veonly seen this color during a total eclipse. and again, i'm beingvery basic here, for people who haven't seenan eclipse, just another idea of what to look for. another cool thing,which is neat, is the 360-degree twilightaround the horizon. it's-- an eclipse is never--never dark like a regular

night. there's a little--it's, like, twilight-y, but it's not quite-- you'll seenext year for yourself, if it's clear. but make sure you taketime to look around, too. i know there's only twominutes and 40 seconds, so you don't want to spendyour time looking at things too long. but definitely do onespin around like i do,

and kind of catch whatthe horizon looks like. and in patagonia, wewere the last people to see the moon's shadowbefore it lifted off the surface of the earth. so at that point it became veryelliptical, like a cigar shape. and we actually sawthe umbra lifting off that was something ididn't expect to see. it was very dramatic. quickly, for people who liketeachers, who like math,

this is something cool youcould you do with your students. you can calculate, actually,when the next eclipse in a family will occur. there's a cycle calledthe saros cycle that is 18 years and 11 and athird days, at which point an eclipse will repeat itselfin roughly the same pattern, duration, except whathappens-- ok, teachers only-- what happens to theearth in eight hours? what does it do in eight hours?

it rotates a third of the wayaround, about 120 degrees. so if i saw thiseclipse in 1999, which i did on august11, 18 years, 11 days, and eight hours later, itwon't be over austria again, it will be over us. so that's due to theearth's rotation. but this discoveryand this cycle allowed for fairly accuratepredictions of future eclipses, and also goingback into the past.

when did an eclipseoccur in the past? why view a total solar eclipse? there's just so many things. and again, these are justsome ideas for you to look at, especially those of youwho are first-timers. and again, i feellike a first-timer every time, because i neverquite know what to expect. and i get-- you getthe chills, and you get the, what shouldi look at now,

and you only have two minutesand 40 seconds this time. so-- but realquickly, sometimes you might catch the shadow coming atyou, silently but very scarily coming at you, at avery high rate of speed until it sweeps over you, atwhich point totality begins. venus, if it'sabove the horizon, will show itselfbefore totality, as-- and bright stars. the coolest thing in 1991 wasseeing the constellation orion,

and gemini, the twins, atleast castor and pollux, in the daytime. so you're seeingwinter constellations on july 11, whichcompletely blew my mind. and it really doesshow you that the sun was moving into theconstellation of gemini at the time. it was very, very amazing. the corona, again, andthings i mentioned before.

a cool thing to do is alsohave a thermometer with you. measure the temperature changeevery five or 10 minutes, especially astotality approaches. watch for animals. pigs, where i wasin mexico, they went back to theirlittle den area. birds go kind of crazy,because they don't know really why is it gettingdark at, you know, 10:30 in the morningin that case?

and humans. always look for humans,to see what they're doing. i love looking aroundand people-watching during an eclipse. and you could reallytell who the veterans are and who aren't, because ofjust the different reactions. it's kind of neat. how do you view a total solareclipse, or a partial eclipse, for that matter?

you can-- there are safe ways. contrary to what youmay hear, and i've been talking to superintendentsand principals and teachers and mayors and everybody whohas some say in what goes on at a school and a community,that there are safe ways to view eclipse. and you could do projection,which is a pinhole viewer. i have instructions,by the way, on this also, for those ofyou who want to learn

how to make a quick-- outof a fedex shipping tube, you can make a quick viewer. telescope, binocularprojection could show a large crowdof people an eclipse at the same time,which is always nice. you can stand under leavesof a tree, or in my case, in mexico, under athatched roof, which really was-- caught me by surprise. i went in to get something fromthe thatched hut we were near,

and all of a sudden there wascrescents all over the place. it was beautiful. being italian, i liketo use pasta colanders. get rid of the pastafor a day and then use them to have the sunlightgo through the small holes and project them onto apiece of light-colored paper. and i actually one timelooked into a body of water to watch a partialeclipse, because i didn't have anything else with me.

and i filled up alittle thing with a hose and watched it in the water. directly-- and this iswhere it gets very dicey. you have to go througha reputable company to get a proper filter. you can use-- i knowmark margolis is back there with rainbow symphony. there's other companiestoo that make properly filtered optical instruments--for optical instruments.

i have a personal solartelescope, which i love. that seems to get alot of good reactions from people, because it kindof gives a depth to the view. and of course, solarglasses, eclipse shades. i call them partialeclipse shades, because there have been casesof people keeping their eclipse glasses on duringtotality, in which case they saw nothing butdarkness, which is a shame. so you don't wantthat to happen.

here's a fedexshipping tube that was made in about 15 minutes. and it shows a littleimage of the sun. it's tiny, but it's bright. and you could definitelysee an eclipse taking place through this. i've been running into a lotof bad science in my travels around the country,unfortunately. i'm not surprised.

but i guess i'm surprised atthe persistence of bad science into the 21st century. people actually believe thatthe sun produces different rays during eclipses thatare blinding, even if you look at reflected light. that's why the principalsalways tell-- a lot of times will tell the teachersto draw the shades, lock the doors,you know, handcuff the students tothe desks, anything

to get them from going outside. and everybody believes thatstudents will stare directly at the sun for anindefinite period of time, which i actually trieddoing that one time. you can't do it. it just hurts. so what i've been doing isgoing around the country and showing proper ways toview the eclipse without fear of lawsuits, because that's whatsuperintendents are afraid of.

they're afraid of lawsuits. that's all it comes down to. they don't want to getsued by angry parents who think their kids aregoing to get blinded. so that's been oneof my toughest roads, is getting the awarenesslevel for that going. but again, i give them lotsof wonderful information, and i show them pictures i'vetaken of everywhere from pre-k to my 105-year-old aunt, whojust passed away last week.

one of my last picturesof her was looking at the sun with the shades on. so if she could do it, youknow, i tell, come on, guys, let's-- you know, i'vebeen doing it for years, and i'm fine. so. course, watching ontelevision is perfectly safe, but it's the mostboring way to watch one. my biggest fear is that peoplealong the path of totality

from oregon to south carolinawill sit at their desks during lunch, even while atotal eclipse is taking place above them outside, and they'llwatch it on their computers or on the television becausethe media told them to do so. i even had people call measking if a lunar eclipse is dangerous to look at. and i said, only if you'restanding on tip toes at the edge of the grandcanyon or something. [laughter]

location, location, location. here's what ichoose for location. first of all, i kind of cheat. i watch where everybodyelse wants to go, and then i kind oflike pick from there. but the climateof a given locale, climate is very important,because climate, again though, as i wasproven in patagonia, climate's what you expectand weather is what you get.

i had probablyvery little chance of seeing the eclipse in2010 because of the weather system in patagonia. but it actually was one ofthe best days in 10 years, the locals told me. so-- but you still give a lotof clout to the climate aspect. and then, be aware-- on thelookout for short-term weather projections as eclipse dayapproaches, and be mobile. get an rv.

get-- be aware ofyour highway systems. here's jay anderson, provideda cloud cover, average cloud cover for august 21. and again, you can see out byoregon, the bright blue parts, into wyoming, idaho. much better weather prospectsthan, say, in the southeast. so just be aware of that. us parks are a wonderfulplace to watch an eclipse. but be careful,because once you're

there, i have a feelingyou're going to be there, just due to the trafficand it becomes an issue. again, there's long stretches inwyoming, nebraska, and missouri of highways, thatactually either stay within the path of totality,or they actually parallel it. so be aware of yourhighway system. the interstate highway systemwas built for a reason, for mobility, and takeadvantage of that. again, suggestions fortotal solar eclipse

virgins, those of youwho have never seen one. note the time when youcould first see the moon. that's called first contact. look for the umbra. watch-- again, this is allhere, and please make sure that you get your wayto this presentation so you can prepareyourself with a year to go for what to look at. but again, as iapproach the end, again,

whatever i tell youmight all go to nothing, because my first eclipse, ibecame like a blathering idiot and i dropped film. i-- my camera got stuck. and finally i said,you know what? i'm just going towatch this thing. and that's what you do. just watch the thing. there's going to be plenty ofpeople taking good pictures.

you can always accessthose later on the net. citizen cate experiment, whichbob's going to talk about, that does use media. and those of youwho teach, the kids are all about social media. you're going to findthat very interesting, because as a teacher,also, i would love to see kids use technologythat they're familiar with and apply it to good use.

there's many, manyeclipse links. again, i could put up 10pages of eclipse links, but go to a search engine, typein total solar eclipse 2017, and just watch what comes up. but these are some onesthat i use all the time, and they're quite good. and again, don't worryabout getting these now. you can get themoff my presentation. so i want to thank everybodyfor being a great audience,

and i hope you gotsomething out of this. all right, you can all hear me,i assume, and hopefully see me. so unlike many of thepresenters here today, i am not a scientist. i'm a writer. and i guess i wouldsay that i'm here to me inject a littlebit of the humanities into these proceedings. because while next year'seclipse is certainly

a teachable momentfor science, it's also a teachablemoment for history, and i hope that teachers,schools, museums, libraries will take advantage of nextyear's eclipse to help connect the present with the past. and that's what i've spentthe last four years doing, working on this book,which i'll tell you more about in a few minutes. the book is about an eclipsethat occurred 140 years ago

that crossed the united statesthat helped change this country and helped change the lives ofsome remarkable individuals. but first, before italk about the book, let me just tell you alittle bit about myself. i have been fascinated witheclipses for much of my life. i've seen five totaleclipses in my adulthood, but my first eclipsewas when i was a kid. it was march 7th of 1970. the moon shadow that dayraced up the eastern seaboard.

now unfortunately, i was outsideof the path of totality-- i was in philadelphia-- buti remember that day vividly. i was five yearsold, and i remember the excitement of the day. i remember usinga pinhole camera to watch the shrinkingcrescent sun. i remember beingso afraid that i would go blind that i spentthe entire day looking at the ground.

but for me, this eclipse,and more so the total eclipses i've seen asan adult-- and here i am in australia in 2012--these eclipses, for me, they're milestones in my life. they're sort of like birthdaysor anniversaries, but even more powerful. whenever i stand inthe moon's shadow, i think back on previoustimes that i've done that and who i was back then andwhat was going on in my life.

and i would argue thatwhat's true for me as an individual is truefor this country, as well; that whenever the moon'sshadow crosses the us, it's a time to reflect back onhow we've evolved as a country and what our countrywas like the last time, or five times ago, whenthe moon's shadow visited these shores. july 20th of 1963, which ihadn't realized until i just saw charles's slide, i guessthat was the same saros

as 2017, is that right? someone could do the math. so in 1963, totalitycrossed alaska and maine, in terms of the us. john f. kennedy wasin the white house, the beatles werenew on the radio. june 8th of 1918,the moon's shadow traversed the countrydiagonally from washington state to florida.

woodrow wilson was president. world war i was nearing its end. there were no radiostations at that time, but americans enjoyed the musicof irving berlin and al jolson. may 28th of 1900--that was the age of ragtime-- the moon'sshadow ran up from louisiana to virginia. president mckinleyenjoyed totality at 8:53 in the morning.

he was on a boatoff of newport news. alexander graham bellwas there that day, too. well, suffice itto say americans have been fascinated witheclipses as long as america has existed. and each of thesehistorical eclipses-- this one is from august of1869-- each of these eclipses presents an opportunityfor education, for class projectsand museum exhibits,

especially forcommunities that are in the path oftotality next year. it's a chance to ask, whatwas life like 50 or 100 or 200 years ago for thepeople who were there then, and how did theyexperience totality? for instance, if wetake the 1869 eclipse, you'll see the path oftotality crossed illinois. actually, i think st. louis. there's st. louis.

it didn't cross carbondale. carbondale was outside ofthe path of totality in 1869, but it did crosscentral illinois. so if you want toknow, well, what did people experiencethen, it's very easy these days to dohistorical research, at least basic historical research,because a lot of old newspapers have been digitized. they're available online.

so just a few daysago, i clicked over to the illinois digitalnewspaper collections and i just searched inthe search box on eclipse for august of 1869, andseveral things popped up, including this article fromthe cairo evening bulletin describing what totalitywas like in 1869. and let me just read you a fewexcerpts from that article, and these are some actual imagesfrom the eclipse that year. cameras weren't asgood as they are today.

"a special reporterfor the bulletin arrived at effingham, illinois,in ample time to witness the great marvel of theage, which, at that city, lasted for two minutesand 34 seconds. an old gentlemanover 70 years of age and one of the earliestpioneers of illinois insisted that therewould be no eclipse, because he said it wasimpossible for any person to foretell such things.

there's a vast differencebetween a partial eclipse and the totality itself. it's almost as differentas day from night, and the previous witnessingof a partial eclipse utterly fails toprepare the mind for the grandeur of the scene. it requires no stretchof the imagination to believe the worldand all it contains stood silent and abashedbefore the almighty, who

had thus blotted thesun from our vision." now, if you read accounts fromthe 19th century, a lot of them have religious aspects tothe experience of totality, and one of the most famousaccounts from that era came from the pen of thisman, james fenimore cooper, most famous for his novel,last of the mohicans. he experienced totalityin 1806 in his hometown of cooperstown, new york. he was 17 years old, andmany years later he wrote up

his memories of that day. "women stood in theopen street near me with streaming eyes andclasped hands," he wrote, "and sobs were audiblein different directions. never have i beheldany spectacle which so plainly manifested themajesty of the creator or so forcibly taught thelesson of humility to man as a total eclipse of the sun." now i dare say that everytotal eclipse has good stories

to tell, and america has seenabout two dozen total eclipses since 1776. now the one that'sbeen my obsession for the last few years--and unfortunately i think the battery is runninglow-- but this one here with the hashed line. that's the eclipse thati write about in my book. and here it is again. there's the path of totality.

the date was july 29, 1878,and the path of totality ran right down the americanfrontier, montana to texas. now this was a fascinatingtime in american history. the transcontinentalrailroad had been completed justa decade earlier, opening up theregion to settlement and sparking brutalconflict between settlers and the native inhabitants. and just two yearsbefore the eclipse,

the united states hadcelebrated its 100th birthday. we were an adolescent country. we were just starting to mature. now at that time, europewas the clear center of western civilization. that's where respectableliterature and music and art came from, and europeled the world in science. in fact, europe led theworld in chasing eclipses. this period, the midto late 19th century,

has been called the goldenage of eclipse expeditions because it was a time whenastronomers were just starting to unravel themysteries of the sun, and there were certain studiesthat they could do only during a totality. so whenever an eclipsepath was plotted out somewhere on the earth--such as this one, which crossed indiain 1871-- astronomers took their equipmentand they headed off

to sit in the path of totality. they would hope thatclouds didn't show up, and they would then franticallyconduct their observations in those two or threeminutes of midday darkness. this is a britishteam in india in 1871. now, the unitedstates was involved in this-- the us did launcheclipse expeditions too-- but the europeans werethe clear leaders. until, that is, 1878,when totality was

set to visit our own backyard. and here was america'schance to shine, or it was an opportunity forus to slip up and embarrass ourselves on the world stage. but if all went well, itwould be a chance for us to show what we were capableof as a scientific nation. and so the eclipse was abig, national undertaking. the us governmentprinted up instructions for observing the eclipse--how to view it safely

and how to collect informationthat could help astronomers. it was an earlyform, essentially, of crowdsourcing, gettingcitizen scientists involved. a federal scientist asked peoplewho are artistically inclined to sketch the corona andsubmit their observations-- their drawings-- to washington. so the instructions includeda template you could use, and then it had an example ofwhat a useful drawing would look like.

you could trace out theinner and outer corona. meanwhile, professionalastronomers were dispatched to the frontierto meet the moon's shadow. this was an eclipsecamp in wyoming, and you can see thesetelescopes sticking out of a temporary structurethat's been built up there. this is right next to thetranscontinental railway. south of there in colorado,another naval observatory team set up its telescopeson the roof of a hotel

in a gold miningtown in the rockies. and denver was also inthe path, and that's where a team from princetonset up camp for a month in preparing for the eclipse. there was another notablegroup of academic astronomers who were in denver. this is the vassarcollege eclipse party. it was the only all-femaleeclipse expedition, and it was headed by america'smost famous female scientist

of the era, this woman here. her name was mariah mitchell. now, mariah mitchell isworth a book all by herself, and in fact, there areseveral books about her and i write extensivelyabout her in my book. she was not only arespected astronomer, but she was a staunchadvocate for women's rights and opening up science to women. and for her, the vassar collegeeclipse expedition was not only

a science expedition,it was also a kind of political theater. it was a chance to show thepublic-- a skeptical public-- that women could be scientists. and she did help opendoors to future generations of women getting involved. there were a lot of otherfascinating characters who were out on thefrontier in 1878. a bunch of them observedthe eclipse north

of denver, in rawlins, wyoming,a rough and tumble railroad town right next to thetranscontinental railway. and let me just mention a fewof these esteemed individuals here. we'll zoom in here on the right. now far on theright-- can someone bring up another laser pointer? mine is dying. i think bob had one.

but if we look far on theright, the gentleman there, that's norman lockyer. he was a british astronomer whoactually-- thank you very much. middle button. all right. perfect. so norman lockyer is theman who discovered helium. he discovered helium inthe sun before it was ever found on earth.

on the far left, thatlarge gentleman there, his name is james craig watson. he was an esteemedplanet hunter. he was especially goodat finding asteroids, and back then, asteroids wereconsidered minor planets. well, he came to wyomingsearching for a major planet. he came looking for ahypothetical world called vulcan, which was believed tocircle very close to the sun and, because it wasso close to the sun,

you'd never see it at night. it would never be upin the sky at night. the only time, prettymuch, that you would ever be able to see it would beduring a total solar eclipse. so he came out herespecifically looking for vulcan. but the most famousperson of all is the second personfrom the right. some of you probablyknow who it is. anybody recognize that man?

thomas edison. that is a young thomasedison, 31 years old, but he was already aworldwide celebrity due to a recentinvention-- the phonograph. and now this was a periodwhen edison was ridiculously productive and creative. he was dreaming up strangeand wonderful inventions. a recent one was the aerophone,an enormous loudspeaker that he suggested could beinstalled in lighthouses

to shout warnings to ships. there was the phonomotor, whichused the power of the voice to turn a wheel. and there was this,called the taximeter. it was an extremely sensitiveelectric thermometer that edison claimed couldmeasure changes in temperature as small as one millionthof a degree fahrenheit. well, astronomers were keen toget their hands on one of these and to use itduring the eclipse,

to point it at the solarcorona, which at that time was a great mystery. and a scientist wanted tosee if maybe it didn't just give off light, but italso gave off some heat. well, edison decided he wouldcome along to the eclipse himself and do theexperiment as a way to show that he wasn'tjust some tinkerer, he wasn't just an inventor,but he was a serious scientist. well, these were not themost serious of surroundings,

however. this was the wild west. and edison, thebest he could do, he set up his equipmentin this shed here. i'll zoom in. you can see this is atelescope that edison had connected histaximeter to, and edison was in here for the eclipse. that's a hen housethat he retrofitted

to be his observatory. well, as the big dayapproached, public excitement about the eclipse grewacross the country. here's the chicagotribune from a week before, offering a mapof the path of totality, some diagrams. there's even a star chartshowing what you will see in the sky at totality. chicago was not inthe path of totality,

but just like today, there wereeclipse tours you could take. go off to colorado, see theeclipse and the mountains. and a lot of eclipse touristsfound their way to denver, and this should be alesson for carbondale. denver was justoverrun with tourists. the hotels ran outof rooms, so guests were left to sleep on cots inhotel parlors and dining rooms. one gentleman supposedlyended up sleeping on a billiard table.

the public procuredeclipse glasses. now, there were no mass-producedglasses with mylar lenses back then, but newsboystook shards of glass and smoked themover open flames, or they took coloredglass-- here's some blue glass-- andthe kinds of cries you could hear onthe streets, "here's your colored glass forseeing the eclipse!" and this is verbatimfrom a news report.

"genuine, french-imported,mazarine blue. london smoke and bottlegreen, three kinds. three cents eachor two for five." well, i don't havetime to tell you the whole rest of thestory, but suffice it to say it has a happy ending. eclipse day was gloriously clearall along the path of totality. the corona that yearwas spectacular. people drew the corona.

this is actually a drawing bywyoming's territorial governor of what he saw that day,and i love this watercolor that was done by amathematician who was part of one of the eclipse teams. the headlines were,"great results! most importantobservations ever made." it was a grand day for america. we really did show that wecould take on those europeans in observing eclipses.

now, there's a lot more i couldsay about the eclipse of 1878, but i don't have time. how did things work outfor the women of vassar? did professor watsonfind the planet vulcan? whatever happened to thetaximeter that edison had? and i should note, the veryday after edison returned to new jersey fromthe eclipse, he started work on a new project. but if you want to know how theeclipse helped inspire edison's

light bulb, i'mafraid you'll have to wait until my book is out. so with that, iwill leave it there but feel free to tapme on the shoulder or send me an email if anyone'sinterested in doing something historical, and i can helppoint you toward resources. let me know. and thank you tothe gentleman who-- thanks.

thanks, david. that was really nice. any questions for david? we have time for one. rick? what specifically inspired youto write about this eclipse? how had you come tounderstand that [inaudible]? the question was, how did iget interested in this eclipse? well, briefly, i'dbeen wanting to write

a book about an eclipse, to comeout next year, for 20 years. since i've startedchasing eclipses, i figured, i wantto write a book to get people excited abouteclipses in time for the 2017 eclipse, and i juststarted looking at all the ones in us history. and frankly, when i learned thatthomas edison was in the wild west right before he inventedthe light bulb to see a total eclipse, i was sold.

and the more researchi did-- and i've spent days and days at thenational archives and library of congress going through allof the documentation that still exists from that eclipse. original telegrams and letters. it was a real trove ofhistorical information that had never been mined. so i think it's afascinating story, and i hope otherpeople will too.

hi. i'm jay. i wanted mike k. forinviting me to participate. i also wanted to thankshadia and bob for making this whole event happen. and i'm known in some circlesas an astronomical cartoonist. i contributed this featureto sky and telescope for a five-year periodfrom 1997 until 2001. and i want to thankrick feinberg,

and i would also like to thankthe memory of leif robinson for making this happen. i did 54 of these overa five-year period, and the whole purpose of mywork-- i think a lot of people don't understand whati'm trying to do-- but i'm trying toemploy a visual medium for visual explanationsof visual phenomena. and astronomy being avery visual subject, i find that most of theliterature that's out there

is real wordy and realheavy on verbal descriptions to try to painta visual picture. and i'm just trying to usethe premise that a picture is worth a thousand words. the eclipse of 1970. i am also, like those ofyou in the audience who have not seen a total solareclipse, i'm one of you. i'm not a member of theeclipse chaser community, at least not as yet, and ihave been chasing an eclipse

since this day in 1970. i just haven't caught one yet. oh, and i'd like toclarify this point. i am an eclipse rookie. i am not an eclipse virgin. if anybody wouldlike my rationale on how i arrive at that,please talk to me afterwards. it might not be appropriatefor this presentation. i was eight yearsold on that day,

and my mom made a littleshoe box camera for me, and i didn't know howto work it and she didn't know how to work it. so i'm standing outin the sun that day, a rare sunny day in marchin cleveland, ohio in 1970, and i'm holding the shoebox, thinking that somehow i was supposed to look into itand somehow see something. i wasn't clear onthe idea you had to point the thing at the sun.

and my mom didn't know. she didn't knowanything about it. so i was reallydisappointed that day. and i was watchingthe news that night, and the news reportersthat day said, if you missed today'seclipse you'll have another chancein the year 2017! ha ha ha. so i can't describeto you what it's

like to be a crestfallenlittle boy who missed the partialeclipse, and to be told-- i did the arithmeticthen, and i discovered i would be 56 years old. folks, i have literallybeen waiting my entire life. just to paint apicture for you, this is the world-- thisis america of 1970. the jackson five had justreleased "abc" at the time. the brady bunch was on.

the eclipse was on a saturday. the brady bunch was on thenight before, on friday night. the beatles will breakup in a couple of weeks, and within the next month wouldbe apollo 13 and earth day. and then a couple daysafter that, into may, was the kent state shootings. so this is the worldthat we were living in, and in those days ourperception of the 21st century was like this.

rick was very kindto let me do this. this was a little off-topicfor the january 2000 skywise, but we were lookingforward to space cities and flying cars andthe lunar colonies and all of this sort of thing. going to mars was a given. we would have longsince done that. but anyway, the whole ideaof the 21st century in 2017 was just so remote and i've beencounting them down ever since.

so i'd like to just, ifi can, if i could just preach to the choir for aminute on the subject of eclipse cluelessness, andi'd also like to talk about some other things. as we all know, peoplehave no idea what's coming. i talk to friends,family, total strangers. i was talking to the go daddytech support person in iowa. she has an 8-year-old son. no clue.

no idea this is coming. there is just a completevacuum of eclipse awareness at this point. a lot of you know joe rao. he's a new york city weathermanand a well-known eclipse chaser, and he just postedsomething on our email loop this week where he's expectingthat, in the short weeks leading up to the 2017eclipse, everybody is going to hear about it.

it's going to be on par withthe apollo 11 moon landing. and he says, "no questionthat on august 21st, 2017, virtually everyamerican will suddenly become eclipse-conscious." well, in the meantime, i'mtrying to tell people about it and i'm getting nowhere. it's frustrating to me. and i'm trying to get across theidea that this is significant. this is meaningful.

this is important. and this is kind ofwhat i'm running into. i have a website calledamericaneclipseusa.com and i have an accompanyingfacebook page, and if all of you click"like" on my page, you'll probably double thenumber of likes on my page. so feel free to do so. but i tried to cashin on social media and use some of the snarkymemes that are out there to try

to get across the idea. let me just say thatmy recollection of 1070 is that it was wellenough promoted. i knew about it ahead of time. it seemed like everybody in1970 understood the significance of the eclipse. they knew it was a big deal,whether they were traveling or not. the freeways weren'tmostly built in those days,

so travel was harderthan it is today. it was the apolloera, and everybody was aware of such things. in 1991, i remember clearly. i was 30 at the time. the story had broken big. i was new in amateurastronomy at that point. my cousin was a marine atcamp pendleton in san diego, and he says, hey, whydon't you catch a flight

and we'll cross the border andgo down and see the eclipse? he called me back tosay that the news was that the mexican authoritieswere prohibiting anybody from crossing theborder who did not have previousarrangements-- reservations. so i missed the bigone, and i really didn't know at the time-- ididn't appreciate-- that that really was a bigone, and i was never going to get to seeanother one like that

for the rest of my life. and i was like, i wish iwould known more about this! these are myfrustrations, folks. because i'm just a member ofthe american public who happened to stumble into astronomy. i don't have any preexistinginvolvement, at least not prior to that time. 1979. was there an eclipse in 1979?

because i didn't hear about it. i was watching tv all the time. i was looking up, and thatwas the era of mork and mindy and wkrp. i watched thoseshows every week. i watched the eveningnews every night. and maybe i missedit on february 26th, but i did not hear anythingabout an eclipse in '79. and until i wasover 30 years old,

i was under theimpression from that day when i was 8 that youwould go from 1970 to 2017. so this is a really,really bad problem. the next year after thateclipse was carl sagan's cosmos. that was well-promotedwell in advance, and i knew all aboutthat and i was anxiously looking forward to that. there was morepromotion for cosmos than there was for the eclipse.

and frankly, i thinkthat's pretty pathetic. i would have likedto have known. so anyway, this ismy answer to that. i know some of youare in the media, and i know most people havetold me, now don't worry, jay. just calm down. we'll get to it. well, ok. it'd be nice if we could getsome kind of advance publicity.

i'm hoping that maybe tv weathermeteorologists could maybe just say a countdown. think the last five secondsof their broadcast, when they usually banter withthe anchor person, just say, hey, yeah,there's going to be an eclipse coming in 440 days. if you give it five seconds,then people will at least hear, eclipse. it'll be out there.

how about aneclipse mini-series? we just saw david'sawesome presentation, and we saw charles before that. there's a lot to say. i think you could get a six-partmini-series out of an eclipse, and i think this current seasonthat we're in would be ideal. except i'm notunder the impression that anybody isproducing such an event. so anyway, inspiration.

i'm told from all of youfolks who've all seen them that it's this great, wonderful,life-changing epiphany that you have when you see an eclipse,and suddenly you understand and the veil is lifted. well, i want everybodyto have that experience. i was blessed with thegood fortune of having some inspiration in my life. as a child in the 1960s,i was totally excited about the apollo program.

and the highlightof my childhood was when i took a floridavacation with my grandmother in july of 1969, and i wantedto get the seaquarium and all that out of the wayso that we could get to cape kennedy, whichis what it was at the time. here's my grandma florenceand me, and at this point we were in kentucky. we were heading to florida. we went to the john f.kennedy space center,

and i could do a whole talkjust on this one experience. it was the highlightof my childhood. this is the vab, and thiswas my recollection of it, that it was in the middleof a dry, dusty plain. when i went back thereand i saw there's this whole complex built uparound it, it blew my mind. you can see that,in the open doors, there's a gantry for apollo12 which was currently under construction.

if you can see the littleslit-- if i can get my pointer-- this little slit right here? this is like a 10-storybuilding or something. it's unbelievable. you figure it's the heightof the cold war, right? we're in the spacerace, we're trying to beat the russiansto the moon, and they just letus walk right on in. and what we saw in there,what i saw with my own eyes

but they would notlet us photograph, was-- this is apollo 13. this is an apollo 13 nasa photo. i'm assuming thatthis section here is where apollo 12 hadsat, but the two of them were side by side,and they told us it was apollo 12 and 13,which hadn't happened yet. and i was just blownaway, and i pondered later that my eyes actuallybeheld the actual craft that

exploded en route to the moon. here's me standing in frontof one of the crawlers. i'm spreading my arms totry to get across the idea that this thing is really big,because it was really big. i assume this was the padthat launched apollo 13. this moment was thehighlight of my childhood, because i didn't take anyother vacations as a kid. this is apollo 11 on the pad. not a great pictureof apollo 11,

but not everybody hasfamily photos of apollo 11, so i'm grateful for that. i believe that the2017 eclipse can do the same for today's kids. and i know a lot offolks here are with nasa, and i would just like tocomment if i can, briefly. speaking strictly as amember of the public, outside of the eclipse community, i'veseen very little from nasa about this eclipse.

i've seen erniewright's awesome videos, and they are truly excellent. i've had friends at glennresearch center at cleveland, ohio who have toldme well, you see, jay, that's not nasa's mission. we're not here totalk about eclipses. we're here to doscientific research. but i'm thinking, there'sall of these programs for promoting stem educationwith kids, and all this citizen

science. i know they have these programs. i know i didn't make this up. so my answer would be,if not nasa, then who? who's supposed to betalking about this eclipse? we keep hearing about mars. mars is all in the media. mars has been a perennialsubject in the media since apollo.

i can remember the days whenthey said, in the future, we will put a manon the moon by 1983. well, that didn't work out. it's almost like fusion. it's always 20 years in thefuture from any given time. i've heard that director ronhoward is working with nasa to produce a six-partmini-series about the mission to mars withnational geographic. and hey, why not get hollywoodclout behind this eclipse?

then all of a sudden we'llhave instant awareness. pam wickham. this was just this week. i was just changingmy presentation at the last minute. she's a vp withraytheon, and she says the us is failing when itcomes to inspiring preparing our teenagers totake on stem careers, that we rank 25th in mathamong industrialized nations.

well, how are wesupposed to go to mars if that's where it's at? we're going to have to outsourceour space program at that point if that's the case. i really believethis, and i would just like to entreatand encourage nasa. please, and i understandyou're on the program. i'm looking forward tohearing some more later. but i think it would beconcurrent with nasa's mission

to really get behind thiseclipse at the highest levels of nasa, and justreally promote this thing. and let's get youngpeople, especially i have a real vision forkids in the inner city. they're never goingto travel the globe to see a total eclipse. this might be well their onechance to see an eclipse. so we can't just kickthe can down the road and say, well, wait til '24.

we got to do it now. and i'm personally indebtedto nasa, especially those of the "right stuff" era,and i'm looking forward to nasa doing something to inspirethe eight-year-olds of 2017. this is my daughter, florence. she's named after my grandmotherwho took me to florida, and i have fancied her as beinga member of generation eclipse. there was a group of littlekids coming into the center when we were walking intoday, and i'm thinking,

these kids are going to see fiveeclipses over the next 35 years when i have seen zeroover the last 47! and they're going tobe right here at home. and not only that,if they keep living, my daughter can hope to bea mom with kids of her own in '45 and '45, when thosecome, and she can hope to be a grandmother in 2078. and if she lives longenough, my daughter might live into the 22ndcentury, which boggles my mind.

but she might havea prospect of seeing the 2099 eclipse,which will happen very close to home for us. so are we almost out of time? let me just move quickly. these are all of the eclipses. this is one thingthat i'm doing. i'm doing these comic stripsto try to just raise awareness. i got three of themin the can right now.

i'm hoping to do 20 of them. i have copies on the table. come see my booth afterwards. let's see how quick i canmove through this subject. the moons nodes. the moon's orbitis slightly tilted. the nodes are whereit crosses the plane of the ecliptic, which is theplane of the earth's orbit. sometimes the new moon missesthe sun by a wide amount,

and there is no eclipse. but other times itcrosses the node, and that's when youhave an eclipse. here's a side viewof the same thing. there are eclipse limits,and this is something that's not well known. a certain angular size awayfrom the edges of the node, you will have an eclipse. and basically, when the moonis north of the ecliptic,

you have eclipses whichare visible in the north. and likewise, southof the ecliptic, eclipses which arevisible in the south. eclipse seasons--there are times of the year when the moon'snodes are aligned with the sun, and you have an eclipse,and then other times when you do not. now there is theregression of the nodes. the nodes move backwards.

i have to move quickhere, folks, but basically the moon's nodes moveto the west, backwards through the ecliptic,in an opposite direction to the sun's apparentmotion, and it's almost 20 degrees a year. and over a period of time,starting from the bottom and moving up, we can seethat the position of the nodes moves a little less than20 degrees every year. meanwhile, lunations.

these are lunar months. from new moon to newmoon, each new moon is about 29 degrees to the eastfrom the previous new moon. there is an 11-dayshortfall, however, because a lunar year is notthe same as a solar year, and that's about 11 days. so the new moon at theend of the lunar year is almost 11 degrees to thewest of the previous one. this shortfallaccumulates over time.

you can see thatthe new moons move only about 10 degrees per year. when you put them alltogether, you have 10 degrees to the west per year for theposition of the new moon, but the nodes are movingas almost twice as fast. so what happensis that the nodes will begin to overtake theposition of the new moon. at the beginning ofa particular cycle, you have a partialeclipse, which would

be visible in the antarctic. the next year, the relativedifference between the two means that the new moonis closer to the node so that you havea central eclipse over the southern hemisphere. and then likewise,the next year it moves past the node tothe northern hemisphere, and then anotherpartial at the end. so when you get tothe end of that cycle,

the next eclipse in thatseries will have then missed the ecliptic limits,and it'll catch up with the previous new moon. so the eclipse will occureven further to the east and even earlier on the calendarthan it did the previous year. well, you end up withthis kind of thing. you end up with thisstepwise progression. ok, well i guessi'm out of time, so i can talk aboutthis more later

if anybody would like to talk. so thank you very much. ok, is it possible to bringthe lights down a little bit? because i'd ratheryou saw what was on the screen rather than me. well, my topic isglorious totality. it's difficult totry to express what viewing a total solareclipse is like to someone who hasn't seen one.

but i continuously tryto do that very thing. but the goal here isto try to give you a little bit of aninkling of what it's like to see a totaleclipse, through both images and some video, and especiallythe audio in some of the clips. but totality-- wethrow that word around. what exactly is totality? well, it's a quality of stateof being total or complete. and in the caseof eclipses, it's

the phase of aneclipse during which it is total, that is,the moon completely blocks the surface of the sun. and wonderful things happenduring that period of time. of course, all solareclipses can only occur during the new moonphase, when the moon passes between the earth and the sun. and at that time, themoon's two shadows can sweep acrossthe earth's surface.

the penumbral shadowis a partial shadow. if you're located any placein that partial zone, which is quite large-- it'scontinent-sized in dimensions-- you'll see some phaseof a partial eclipse. but the totaleclipse can only be seen from the inner umbralshadow, the dark, complete shadow. and that's typicallyquite small, on average around 100 miles in diameter.

and as the moon orbits theearth during the eclipse, that shadow sweeps acrossthe earth's surface and carves out what wecall the path of totality. you've got to bein that narrow path to see the totalphase of the eclipse. and here's a littlecartoon, very schematic, of the 2017 eclipse,just to give you an idea of what's going on. so the umbral shadowis quite large.

but the umbral shadow is justthis small, little black spot crossing the us, onlyabout 70 miles wide during the 2017 eclipse. this is sort of a timelapse of an eclipse in 1999, starting off withthe partial phases. totality beginswith a diamond ring. you see the corona for onlya few brief minutes, and then the partial phases. so a typical eclipse may lasttwo two, two and a half hours.

but only one or two orthree minutes of that is the total phase, totality. so it's only a very smallsegment of the entire eclipse. and of course,during that period, that's when we see thesun's outer atmosphere, this glorious halo ofsuperheated plasmas that have thistwisted appearance due to the magneticfields of the sun warping this gas into thesedelicate streamers and helmets,

and constantly changingfrom eclipse to eclipse. in spite of allthe photographs you see, nothing compares toseeing it with your own eyes, whether you're using the nakedeye or a pair of binoculars or a spotting scope. it is just incredible. well, we don't have aneclipse every new moon, because the moon'sorbit is tilted to the plane of the earth'sorbit around the sun.

so during most newmoons, the moon's shadow passes above the plane ofthe earth and misses us, or it passes below the planeof the earth and misses us. but at least twice a year, someportion of the moon's shadow strikes the earth, mosttypically the penumbral shadow, giving us a partialeclipse in some location. but every 12 to 24 months,the moon's umbral shadow hits the earth, and weget a total eclipse. now, there's a third type ofeclipse i need to mention,

and that's the annular eclipse. in that case, themoon's umbral shadow isn't long enough to reachthe surface of the earth. and we get this sortof inverted shadow here called the antumbra. and as that sweeps acrossthe earth's surface, it carves out a similar path. but this time, it's calledthe path of annularity. what does an annulareclipse look like?

it leaves a ring of sunlightaround the edge of the moon. and this is through a veryheavily filtered telescope. an annular eclipse is much moresimilar to a partial eclipse than it is a totaleclipse, because you don't see the corona. you don't get the dramaticfall in light levels or any of the otherphenomena that occur during a total eclipse. so annular eclipses aremuch less interesting

from that sense. this is one of the mostrecent annular eclipses that took place,visible through the us. this was from new mexico. and this is right afterthe annular phase, as the sun is about to setin the west in new mexico. and annulars are interesting,but they're not spectacular. i like to say on ascale of 1 to 10, a partial eclipse, in termsof drama and spectacle

and interest, a partialeclipse is maybe a three. an annular is about a seven. and a total eclipseis 10 million. it is so far off a scale of 1to 10, you cannot compare it. now, why do we haveannulars and total eclipses? it's because the moon'sorbit is elliptical. so its apparentdistance from the earth changes as it orbitsaround our planet. and if you happen to get aneclipse during a new moon, when

the moon is near the apogeepart of its path, its most distant part of itspath around the earth, then you end up withan annular eclipse, because the moon appears alittle smaller than the sun. on the other hand,if the eclipse happens to occur during thepart of the orbit near perigee, its closest point tothe earth, then the moon appears larger than the sun,and you get a total eclipse. the earth's orbit is alsoelliptical around the sun,

so that plays asmaller part in it, whether you're closeror further away. but the dominant thinghere is the moon's orbit, how close it is to the earth,as to whether it appears larger or smaller than thesun to produce either a total or an annular eclipse. if we look at 5,000years of eclipses, from 2000 bce to3000 ad, how often do these different typesof eclipses take place?

well, about 35% of all solareclipses are partial eclipses. about 33% are annular. and just a little over a quarterof them are total eclipses. and then there's a littleleftover chunk of about 5% that's an odd charactercalled the hybrid eclipse. and hybrid eclipseshappen to be combinations of total and annular. as you follow that path oftotality across the earth, parts of that path areannular, and parts of it

are total, simplydue to the fact that different pointson the earth's surface are further away from thesun or closer to the sun, bringing it through thevertex of that shadow. so you're either in the umbralshadow or the antumbral shadow, depending on where you arealong that eclipse path. but totality is whatwe're talking about. totality is what we want, whenyou get that opportunity to see the sun's spectacular corona.

now, it wasn't very long agothat astronomers had no idea about the corona's existence. we only have to go back into thefirst half of the 19th century in the 1800s, when astronomershad no clue about what a total eclipse was all about. there hadn't beena total eclipse in europe since a centuryearlier, in the early 1700s. and there were somecryptic writings about it, but nothing in very much detailabout what the experience

of totality was like. one example, this isthe path of the 1842 eclipse, which reallychanged eclipses and put them on the map. the path went throughspain, northern italy, and into russia. so a number ofastronomers of the day thought, let's go and makeobservations of this eclipse, find out what we can learn,in particular about the moon's

orbit at that time. but there's one astronomeri want to highlight, francis baily, who was actuallya stockbroker, an actuary. back in the early 19th century,astronomy was done primarily by white men of privilege. if you had the money todabble in these things as a hobby outside yourgeneral practice or career, that's how sciencewas done back then. there were noprofessional astronomers

or professional scientists,for the most part. but baily traveled to northernitaly to observe this eclipse. and i think someof his observations are important to keepin mind, as we think about going to see an eclipse. so i'd like to read atranscript of some of the things he said about that eclipse. he was set up by himself,watching the eclipse in a cordoned offarea of a university

that he was visiting. and when totalitybegan, he says, "when i was astonished by atremendous burst of applause from the streets below,and at the same moment was electrified at the sightof one of the most brilliant and splendid phenomenathat can well be imagined. for at that instant, thedark body of the moon was suddenly surrounded by acorona, a kind of bright glory, similar in shape andrelative magnitude

to that which painters drawaround the heads of saints. when the total obscuration tookplace, which was instantaneous, there was a universalshout from every observer. i had indeed anticipated theappearance of a luminous circle around the moon during thetime of total obscurity. but i did not expect,from any of the accounts of preceding eclipsesthat i had read, to witness so magnificentan exhibition as to which took place.

it riveted my attentionso effectively that i quite lost sight ofthe string of beads, which, however, were notcompletely closed when this phenomenon first appeared. splendid andastonishing, however, as this remarkablephenomenon really was, and although it could not failto catch forth the admiration and applause ofevery beholder, yet i must confess that therewas, at the same time,

something in its singularand wonderful appearance that was appalling. i can readily imagine thatuncivilized nations may occasionally have becomealarmed and terrified at such an object, moreespecially in times when the true cause and occurrencemay not have been faintly understood, and the appearanceand phenomenon itself wholly unexpected." so this took bailycompletely by surprise,

this spectacular corona. a french astronomer,francois arago, traveled to the south of franceto observe the eclipse himself, and again was taken bysurprise at the event. and he said, "whenthe sun, being reduced to a narrow filament, beganto throw only a faint light on our horizon, asort of uneasiness took possession of every breast. each person feltan urgent desire

to communicate his emotionsto those around him. then followed ahollow moan resembling that of a distant seaafter a storm, which increased as the slendercrescent diminished, at last, the crescent disappeared. darkness instantly followed. and this phase of the eclipsewas marked by absolute silence. the magnificenceof the phenomena had triumphed over thepetulance of youth,

over the levity affected by someof the spectators as indicative of mental superiority, overthe noisy indifference usually professed by soldiers. a profound calmreigned over the air. the birds had ceased to sing. after a solemn expectationof two minutes, transports of joy,frenzied applauses, spontaneously andunanimously saluted the return of the solar rays.

the sadness produced by feelingsof an indifferent nature was now succeeded bya lively satisfaction, which no one attemptedto moderate or conceal. for the majority of thepublic, the phenomena had come to a close. the remaining phasesof the eclipse had no longer anyattentive spectators, beyond those devoted tothe study of astronomy." so that's true today.

after totality is over, you willforget about the partial phases that follow afterwards. you will be so elevatedby seeing totality itself. let me walk you through thestages of a total eclipse. all total eclipses beginwith the partial phases that slowly progress over thecourse of typically an hour or an hour and 15 minutes. and during most of thistime, without using any type of atelescope or filters,

you would be unawarethat any eclipse is taking place, that is,until about 90% of the sun is covered by the moon. at that time, you start tonotice a darkening of the sky. if you happen to benear any shade trees, and you look at the dappledpatches of sunlight passing through the fineapertures of the leaves, you see these crescentsmimicking the eclipse projected all over the walls.

the tree acts asa pinhole camera. if you're wearing a straw hat,even if you take your fingers and interlace themtogether and look at the shadows onthe sidewalk, you see the same phenomenonof this pinhole camera. and then in thelast few seconds, the corona isrevealed as the sky darkens in the celestialdiamond ring effect. and even as thediamond ring shrinks,

it breaks up into aseries of bright beads of sunlight shining through thedeepest valleys along the moon. baily's beads-- francisbaily first described them in the 19th century. and the last bead winksout, and you're in totality. i'm going to show a sequenceof three photographs here, taken during the last about20 seconds of an eclipse back in 2006, to illustratehow quickly the sky changes. this is about 20seconds before totality.

i'm pulling some filtersoff some cameras. this is just a second ortwo before totality begins. and this is aboutfive seconds later. it is very dramatic, very fast. you're plunged intothis eerie twilight. it's not as dark as night, eventhough very often the media will describe it as that,day turning into night. it's much more likethe sky appears perhaps about 30 minutes aftersunset, when you can first

start picking out the brighteststars and the bright planets. but you are plunged intothis twilight in 30 seconds, from bright sunlightto this twilight. so experientially, it'smuch more dramatic. and of course, staringat you in the sky is what some peoplecall the eye of god, this black disk of the moonsurrounded by the sun's spectacular corona. this was an eclipsein china in 2008,

where the sun wasquite low in the sky, so it gave us a chance toshoot some eclipse selfies. we were shooting selfieswith eclipses before we even knew that they were selfies. this is a timelapse where you can see the shadow of the moonmoving from the right-hand side of the screen across the left. i'll show thatjust one more time. again, it gives you an ideaof how quickly the lighting

changes during totality. now, i think one of thegreatest ways to share what seeing an eclipseis like is through video, not so much the imagesthemselves, but the soundtrack. [video playback] 50 seconds-- shadowto the northwest. see how dark it is? get ready to take awhole bunch of pictures. 30 seconds, 25, corona.

now there's venus. venus. [cameras clicking] [cheers] wow, i see the corona. baily's beads, totality. look through your camera, jeff. there's a prominence at 3:00. you might be able to see it ifyour eyes are better than mine,

but i can't see itwithout my camera. you see it? the little pink thing. yeah, it looks pretty good. see mercury? oh, yeah. 30 seconds. look at the horizon,look at the horizon. 25 secs.

oh, look how brightit's getting. look at the shapeof the shadow cone. do you see it? see it? see that g over there. 15 seconds,chromosphere, 10 seconds. chromosphere, 5:00. see that, jeff? oh my god, here it comes.

here it comes. beads, baily's beads. take pictures, take pictures. a lot of excitement. [end playback] and it's justabout at this point that everybody there is saying,when's the next eclipse? where are we going? the most recenteclipse i've been to

was just a few monthsago in indonesia. this time, insteadof camping out in a tent in themiddle of the desert, i decided to ride on acruise ship, quite a nice way to watch an eclipse. but i wanted to sharethis video, again, to give you an experience ofhow quickly the sky darkens during totality. umbra's coming to the west.

not going to rain, justthe shadow of the moon. notice the horizon. you're getting that sunriseeffect along the horizon. look for the prominence. prominence. you get that effectbecause you're actually looking at the edge of[? your own ?] shadow from areas where it's not total. what a prominence.

do you see the prominence? yeah. yep, got mercury. oh yeah, mercury, too. that's a killer prominence. oh my goodness. oh, there's venus. oh, what a prominence there is. oh, it's coming,it's coming out.

now, my first eclipseexperience was in 1963. i was 11 years old at the time. and i was in longisland, new york. and there was a totaleclipse that passed through maine and canada. and i managed to watchthe partial phases. i was already an amateurastronomer in those days. and it sparked myinterest in eclipses. i had a littlegolden book of stars.

and i looked inthere, and there was a map that showed me therewas a total eclipse that was going to pass throughthe united states, through the east coastof the us, in 1970. so even at that point, ihad that on my calendar, because i thought, this isgoing to be a once-in-a-lifetime experience to seea total eclipse. i saw a partial, goingto see the total in 1970. and i can checkthat off my list.

so 1970, just gotmy driver's license, convinced my parents to letme drive 600 miles to get into the path of totality. i'd read sky and telescope,books on the eclipses. i was prepared. get down to north carolina,beautiful, clear sky, even managed to get somephotographs of the eclipse. but two and a halfminutes after totality, when the eclipse ended,i said, this cannot be

a once-in-a-lifetime experience. i've got to see another one. there's one in canada in twoyears, going to go up there, was clouded outfor that eclipse. and since then,i've traveled all over the world for eclipses,including antarctica, because very rarely dothey come close home. you have to be able totravel to see these events, even though they occurevery one to two years.

they rarely comeany place to home. except now, we've got thegreat american eclipse of 2017, crossing 12 statesfrom coast to coast, touching no other nation. and in fact, herein carbondale, you have the luxury ofhaving a second eclipse just seven years later. let's see, carbondaleis right over there. in fact, you're right near thepoint of greatest duration.

and in 2024, asecond total eclipse. this is really unusualand really rare. and in fact, thelast total eclipse that occurred in the landof lincoln was in 1869. the next one is in 2153. so to have two back toback within seven years is remarkable. so you're in the right spot. i usually joke to theaudience, if you're

looking for some niceretirement property, buy some land in carbondale. you don't have totravel anyplace. you get two eclipses for one. anyway, i want to end mystory with another quote. mabel loomis todd wasa famous eclipse chaser of the 18th century,before the term eclipse chaser was even coined. her husband was aprofessional astronomer

for the us naval observatory. and they were someof the first people to travel around the globe insearch of the path of totality to make observationsduring the eclipse. and mabel, although she wasn'ta professional astronomer, she was a gifted author. she wrote a wonderful,popular book called total eclipses of the sun. and she has a great quote.

she says, "i doubt if the effectof witnessing a total eclipse ever quite passes away. the impression is singularlyvivid and quieting for days, and is never wholly lost. a startling nearness of thegigantic forces of nature and theirinconceivable operation seems to have been established. personalities and towns, cities,and hates and jealousies, even mundane hopes grow verysmall and very far away."

i wish you all the clearestof skies on august 21, 2017. my name is michael zeilerand, like charles said, i operate the websitegreatamericaneclipse.com. i am, by profession,a cartographer. i work for the leadinggeographic information systems software company. and so, by profession,i've been creating maps. and i actually writebooks about creating maps. that's my day job.

my passion, my personal passion,of course, is chasing eclipses. and i've been chasingeclipses since 1991. about seven years ago, i wasplanning on an expedition to the 2009 total solar eclipse. and at the time, i wastraveling on a ship. and the existing mapsdidn't indicate the lines of latitude andlongitude that i wanted to use with my gps receiver sothat i could position myself. so i decided to combinemy professional skills

with my interest andstart making eclipse maps. i made a map for thecruise that i was on. i got an amazingreaction from the map. so i was encouragedby many people to continue making eclipse maps. and so i've been busy producingthese maps ever since-- on two websites, actually. one is eclipse-maps.com, andgreatamericaneclipse.com. you can visit both sites.

by the way, i get a lotof requests from people if they can use some ofmy maps from the websites for their educational outreach. so i'd like to grant everyonein this room blanket permission. if you'd like to use a mapfor an educational purpose, for a noncommercialeducational purpose, you have my permission to do so. now, i'm sure thatevery person who has seen a total solareclipse got goosebumps

when you watched fred'svideos, because we relived the excitingmoments of totality. it truly is an amazingphenomena to see, and it'll affect everypart of your body. it truly is a peaklife experience. and it's very difficult totake adequate photographs in fact, no photographcan possibly capture the fullmajesty of the eclipse. but these images bymiloslav druckmueller

and also by konstantinosemmanouilidis-- i'm not sure if i pronounced that. these images are amazing,because, although they don't quite showexactly what you see, they pull out a lot of detail. it's a real treasureto see something like this in your life. and what do you needto find treasure? a map!

a treasure map! so eclipse mapsare treasure maps. there are maps that guide youto the golden path of totality. what's interesting about thismap is that, you will see, not only does the partialphase of the eclipse spin all of north america,but the partial phase of the eclipse touchesfive continents. it touches eastasia, north america, the northern part of southamerica, a bit of africa,

and a bit of europe. so that's five continents. so the partial phasespans quite a wide range. but even though so manywill see the partial phases, as fred said, tosee the 10 million instead of the 7or the 3, you need to get inside that yellow path. so here is detail of theeclipse path across america. and why are so manypeople calling this

the great american eclipse? and why and why was i solucky to snag the url? because the greatamerican eclipse is accessible toso many americans. it's not a particularlylong eclipse. it's actually a biton the short side. but the wonderfulthing about this is eclipse is so many peoplecan reach it reasonably. it's the firsttotal solar eclipse

that's exclusive tothe united states since the nation'sfounding in 1776. that's an interestingfact, in itself. there was an eclipse nearlya century ago in 1918 that had a similar path acrossthe country, from the pacific to the atlantic. but it didn't havethe distinction of being unique tothe united states, because it also passedover the bahamas.

it's the first coast-to-coasteclipse since 1918. these days, americans havefar more freedom to travel. it's far easier for for peopleto reach the path of totality. and i think-- and i willbe talking a little bit about this towardsthe end of the day-- it's the first total eclipsein the social media era. and i think socialmedia is going to be a huge driver ofinterest in this eclipse. i'll talk about that later,at the end of the day.

so i'm going to takeyou on a quick tour through the nation for boththe 2017 and 2024 eclipse. first up is oregon. totality first visitsthe united states at a place called yaquina headat about 10:15 in the morning. after it touchesthe united states, it passes over thewillamette valley. many people aretargeting this area. in the willamette area,although many accommodations

will be sold out inthe willamette valley, people can stagethemselves either in portland, oregon oreugene and easily access the eclipse path in time forthe eclipse that morning. and inland from the willamettevalley is madras, oregon. madras, by the estimation offamed eclipse meteorologist jay anderson, has justabout the very best of weather prospectsin the nation. a unique feature for observersin both the willamette valley

and in madras isthat you will be in the view of aprominent mountain called mount jefferson. and so an interesting sitefrom the willamette valley would be to see mount jeffersonenveloped in darkness shortly after the eclipsepasses over you. or conversely, ifyou're in madras, to see the eclipse darkenthe mountain right before it reaches you.

although if i werein either location, i would probably setup a time lapse camera to really capture that. because in theexcitement of the moment, your eyes are going to be drawntowards the eclipse itself. and after, theeclipse also passes through scenic areain central oregon, john day national monument--very colorful sandstone layers. the only problem with john dayis that there's limited parking

there. there's going to be a lotof people going there, but it's going to be congested. and then it crosses overthe interstate northwest of boise, idaho. boise similarly will be a goodplace to stage for the eclipse. next up, the eclipse passes oversun valley, idaho and the snake river valley, which is anagricultural area around idaho falls and rexburg.

this is a fine locationfor eclipse travelers, because there are many goodlocal roads in this area. also, from thesnake river valley, you will see the westernside of the grand tetons. similarly, you cansee the spectacle of them darkening after theeclipse passes over you. the eclipse also touchesthe far southwest corner of yellowstone. but i wouldn'texpect to go there,

because there areno roads and there's many grizzly bears in the area. so the most scenic spotalong the entire eclipse path is clearly the grandtetons national park. i myself seriouslyconsider that as a venue, but there's a couple ofissues with that spot. mainly that you have limitedeast-west mobility, which is very important foran eclipse chaser. because it's such anexciting spectacle

that if there's cloudsin your local area, you want to hop in your carand either go east or west. because you just haveto see this event. so you're kind oftrapped in the valley if you're in jackson hole. next up is central and easternwyoming and the nebraska sandhills. this is a sweet spot formany eclipse chasers, because it has areasonably good duration.

it has that good east-westmobility that eclipse chasers are looking for. so many people aretargeting this area. so this will be avery popular area. now, after passingthrough the american west, the eclipse startsreaching the midwest. as you can see on the map,it grazes kansas city. the northern half of kansas citywill be enveloped in totality. although the peoplein kansas city

would be wise to drive 30miles or so north of the town to maximize their duration. it passes overcolumbia, missouri. some friends will bethere in columbia. i know angela is organizinga big observing party there. and here we come to illinois. obviously, it passes overcarbondale and hopkinsville. i'll about the significance,because there's a little bit of a rivalrybetween hopkinsville

and carbondale as far aswho can claim the bragging rights for the longest eclipse. and the line is, itdoesn't really matter. it's so close. it's a blink of an eye'sdifference between both. so they're both greatspots, weather permitting. [coughing] carbondale. [laughter and applause] so then the eclipse ends, ofcourse, in south carolina.

passes over several sizablecities-- greenville, columbia, and, of course,charleston, north carolina. it also passes over,before it reaches south carolina, the greatsmokies national park. one interesting thing aboutthe great smokies national park is that there are some elevatedareas in the park where you can catch a view ofthe moon's shadow rushing over the landscape. so that might be aninteresting location,

as well-- if it's not smoky. now here here's a quick mapshowing the intersection of the two eclipses. as fred said, it's a remarkablething for the people here. you're very lucky forthis circumstance. so now i'm going to take youon a quick tour of the 2024. the 2024 eclipse ismore properly called the great northamerican eclipse, because it passes over mexico,the united states, and canada.

it first touchesmexico near mazatlan. mazatlan is a fairly large city. beautiful city to visit. it's fairly safeto fly to mazatlan and view the eclipsefrom mazatlan. the only caution is, whilemazatlan itself is fairly safe, i wouldn't advisejumping into a rental car and driving into theinterior of mexico. because this is narcotrafficking country.

so there would be somepersonal risk to do so. after the eclipsepasses northern mexico, it touches texas. and first entersthe united states around del rio and eaglesomething-- i forget the name. eagle pass. eagle pass, ok. and it grazes san antonioand goes over dallas, texas. this will be a primelocation for many eclipse

chasers because of fairly goodweather prospects in this area. by the way, i should mentionthat the longest duration of the 2024 eclipseis in mexico, and not too far from mazatlan. but this is a fairly longereclipse than the 2017 eclipse. the longest durationis a bit over 4 minutes for that eclipse, versus2 minutes and 41 seconds for the american eclipse. and then it passes overcarbondale, of course.

and one thing i shouldalso say that these maps that i'm showing you have neverbeen shown or published before. you can't findthem on my website, because i producedthese at the request of fred espenak and hisco-author mark littmann. and these maps will be appearingin the soon coming book on both the 2017 and2024 eclipses by them. so be sure to buy thatbook when it comes out, and you'll have thesebeautiful maps in there.

and then the eclipsepasses over ohio. and jay ryan, you get a secondeclipse, right over cleveland, in fact. so you're a lucky guy. it goes over the niagara falls,and then goes over maine, and enters the maritimeprovinces of canada. and then it finishesover newfoundland. so a question thatpeople have is, how many people livewithin the path?

and how long does ittake to get to the path? to help answer this question,i developed a series of maps. and i did somesophisticated gis analysis. and i won't bore youwith the details, but the result is12.2 million americans live within thepath of totality. and that's about3.8% of the nation. so, automatically,that many people will see the eclipse, if theycare to go outside and look.

within a hundred miles,which is a fairly easy drive, 47 million people canaccess the eclipse. likewise, within 200miles of the eclipse, there are approximately88 million people, just over a quarter of the nation. again, this is whywe're calling it the great americaneclipse, because it's so accessible to so many. most of the eclipses that wetravel to as eclipse chasers

are in very remote locations. but this is such an easyeclipse for so many. within 300 miles,it's 127 million. within 400 miles, now it'sover half of the nation. so within 400 miles,that's the range that you could driveto the eclipse path. you could either spend thenight in a hotel or something, or you could bring atent and sleeping bag. there's going to be manytemporary camping spots set up.

so even if you can'tmake reservations, go and see the eclipse. you won't regret it. so this is arelatively easy two day trip, a one nightstay over in the path. 222 million americans within500 miles of the path, 2/3 of the nation. so again, this is a doable trip. and now over 80% of thenation is within 600 miles

now we're over 90% ofthe nation within 700 miles of the eclipse. and practicallyall of the nation is within 800 milesof the eclipse. and 324 million within900 miles of the eclipse. this is a page from thebook that i just published that charles mentioned. and this page-- people often--one of the most frequently asked questions is, where is thebest place to see the eclipse?

and my answer is, there'splenty of great places to see the eclipse. so on this page ilisted 10 great places to see the eclipse, andlist the reasons why. of course carbondale ison the list, as well as our friends in hopkinsville. but some other choicelocations to the west. this is a map ofillinois that i produced. you can see it ina poster display.

and here is a detail of the map. i've also produced a detailmap showing the durations for the different locationsin southern illinois. if anyone would like adigital copy of this map, just drop me an email. my email is simple. it'sgreatamericaneclipse@gmail.com. and before i saidthat there's just an eye blink's differencebetween hopkinsville

and carbondale. and to be specific,these are the numbers. within a range of 41miles, the duration is within a hundredthof a second, centered around carbondale. within a range of153 miles, you can experience within 1/10of the maximum duration. and within a rangeof 435 miles, which spans parts of missouri,illinois, kentucky,

and tennessee,you can experience over 2 minutes and 41 seconds. so there's a very long stretchwhere you can experience a very long duration. but human beingslike superlatives. so i understand the interestin the spot like carbondale. so i am sure many, many peoplewill come visit this area. i'm almost done here. here is a quick map ofcoming total solar eclipses

over north america. as jay ryan mentionedearlier, we've got five coming upin the next 35 years, and some after that as well. and i'd like tothank you very much. and please visit the website. say, hi. and thank you very much. thanks so much, michael.

before lunch break, we have timefor some questions for michael. hold on, one second. the benefit of [inaudible]. my question, in 2020,what time does it go over carbondale area--is it supposed to be here? [inaudible] i don't know the precise time. it would be in the-- it would be like 3 o'clock.

yeah, it would be mid-afternoon. it is a 3 o'clock? i'm gonna check that. i'll be a second. [inaudible] he'll go on hiswebsite right now. it's mid-afternoon. while we're looking thatup, any other questions? here we go. [inaudible] canyou simply explain

why there is a differencein the point of greatest eclipse and greatest duration? [interposing voices] yes. --the same location. well, that's aquestion that's better addressed to fred espenak. i think that's a betterquestion for fred, but i can answer itpartly in this way.

and i'll explain what thepoint of greatest eclipse is. the point of greatesteclipse is defined as-- if you visualize theshadow cone of the eclipse, it has an axis that goesright down the middle of it. and essentially, it'sdefined as the point where the axis mostclosely intersects the center of the earth. so that's the definition ofthe point of greatest eclipse, and that's near hopkinsville.

and that's-- yeah, but it's just aneye blink's difference. blink your eye,and you lost out. so at the point oflongest eclipse, i personally don't have agood explanation of that. try and ask fred that question. we're still working onthe calculations here. did you want fredto expound on that, or do you want toanswer another question?

me? yeah, you had mentioned fred. if fred would liketo expound, sure. i mean, it's ahundredth of second. who cares? the best place, by theway, to see the eclipse is where it's clear. that's the overridingeffect, where it's clear. i wish i couldsay where that is.

the reason whygreatest duration is a little bit differentfrom greatest eclipse folds into the angle thatthe eclipse is passing, the profile of the moon, threeor four other little effects that offset it from greatesteclipse to greatest duration. they're very small,very small effects. and we don't know perfectlythe profile of the moon's limb, too. so there's some uncertaintyin that as well.

but it's down belowprobably-- well below-- a tenth of a second. and we have time for you. so it's going to be at3:00 pm maximum eclipse. 3: 00 pm central daylight time. any other-- we havea question over here. oh, that's fine. i'm wondering howoften-- since the 2017 and the 2024 is going to becrisscrossing over carbondale,

how often does thatoccur where more than one total eclipse crossesthe path of the same area? it actually happensmore frequently than you think it would. if you recall that map that ihad on just a couple of minutes ago that showed the hemispherewith all the passes, there's many crossingsof eclipse's. so it's not that rare. but within a seven year span,it's somewhat rare for it

to happen within seven years. that's uncommon. but it's not unheard of. i can't quantify it, really. but for example,right where i live-- i live in santa fe, new mexico. and about fouryears ago, there was an annular total solar eclipsethat went right over my home in new mexico.

in 2023, my home where i livegets visited by another annular i live at a crossing oftwo annular eclipses. but i wish they were totals. thanks, mike. we have time forone more question. are the durationsbetween '24 and '17 related to lunarapogee and perigee? is that what that's all about? absolutely.

that's the whole deal there? since that was a quickquestion, one more. given the availabilityof gis information that's out theretoday and the fact that this one is going tobe probably one of the most popularized eclipses,certainly in america, and social media isgoing to drive all that-- i'm hearingnumbers of expectation for carbondale oflike 50,000 people.

but is anyone lookingat modeling this to look at traffic and stuff? i'm guessing-- i mean, i knowyou're looking at experience, but i don't think anyone's--the experience is not the same as what we've got coming up. and i'm wondering if it'snot going to be many more people than that. i can't-- it's an unknownprecisely how many people will come.

but i think it's prudentto plan for the high side. and it certainly is going tobe very, very significant. it will certainly tax theresources of the communities within the path. and it is very prudentfor communities-- i think thatcommunities in the path will certainly sell outall their hotel rooms and airbnb type of things. and i think it would alsobe wise for communities

to set up local camping areas,temporary camping sites. and also plan for things likeport-a-potties, because there's going to be a need for that. the 2017 eclipse is inaugust, a perfect time to take your tentand sleeping bags and take your whole familyto go see the eclipse. so i hope that thathappens as well. and through mywebsite, i'm certainly going to be encouragingpeople to come

to the path, no matter what. time for lunch. we here at carbondale,we're getting ready. we have almost everything withcommittees and different things in place to pulloff what i think will be a supershowing of the eclipse. and we're all going topray for good weather. but short of that,we're going to be ready with differentlearning venues going on,

with differentthings to the public. there'll be entertainment,educational-- you name it, we'll be ready for it. we're thrilled to death to haveour very distinguished guests here along with thepublic-- everywhere from nasa to educators toother distinguished societies. but you're not here for me. what i would do isintroduce our four speakers and we'll start with fred.

but i'll introduce each of you. i will ask them tospell their name. if you want specific informationfrom them afterwards, certainly feel free to do. so what we'll do,though, is we'll do five minutes for each of them. i'll do all four together. then, we'll open it upfor all your questions. so if you don't mind holdingyour questions, until the end

for all of them. so with that, i want toofficially welcome you and i want to welcome ourfirst speaker, fred espenak. he's a retired astrophysicistphysicist from nasa's goddard space flight center. he maintains nasa'sofficial eclipse website. he will share someeclipse basics with you and discuss the uniquenessof the 2017 eclipse. fred.

just be sure to sayand spell your name. so my name is fred espenak--e-s-p-e-n-a-k. first off, i want to say how difficult atask this is to ask each one of us to speak for only fiveminutes and without audio visual aids. and i've got threetopics i want to hit. so i'm going tojump right into it and the first one is, whatis a total solar eclipse? a total solar eclipseis a solar eclipse

in which the moon completelycovers the sun's disk and hides it from view. there's a total solareclipse at least once every 12 to 24 months. so they're not thatrare if you look at it from that point of view. the rareness comes in thefact that you can only see the total solar eclipse fromthe very narrow track that's only about 50 or 100 mileswide that spans the globe.

it only covers perhapsa half of a percent of the earth's surface. so every year or two, onlyhalf a percent of the earth gets to see a total eclipse. so to see a total eclipsefrom any one spot, you'd have to wait onaverage about 375 years. that's what makes them rarefrom any one location on earth. what's it like tosee a total eclipse? from inside thisnarrow path of totality

where the sun complete iscompletely blocked by the one, you're plunged into avery eerie twilight that looks like the sky perhapsabout a half hour after sunset when you can start pickingout the brightest stars and planets. you also look-- lookingaround the horizon, you see sort of asunrise, sunset effect, the colors of dawn,as you're looking out the edge of the moon shadow intoareas that are still sunlit.

but the most important featureof the total solar eclipse is that it blocksthe sun's bright disk so it reveals the outeratmosphere-- the sun, the solar corona, whichnormally can not be visible any other time exceptduring a total eclipse. that corona is about oneto two million degrees. the local temperatureduring the totality can drop five to 10 degrees. you get a lot ofreaction from animals.

flowers start closingup as if it was dusk. the birds start givingtheir morning songs or go back to roosting. i've seen cows headingback to the barn because they think it's sunset. so a lot of biological effectstied in with the solar eclipse. the uniqueness ofnext year's eclipse to illinois and tothe united states is that this is the firsttotal solar eclipse that's

been visible from thelower 48 states since 1979. that's a gap of 38 years. and yet here, rightin illinois, you have a second opportunity tosee another total solar eclipse only seven yearsfrom now in 2024. this is really unusual. you're very lucky. the last time atotal solar eclipse was visible from the landof lincoln was in 1869.

so now, you've got two of themin the span of seven years. the next total solar eclipseafter 2024 from illinois will not be until 2153. so this is a really uniquewonderful opportunity for the us as well asillinois in particular. and i will stop rightthere and turn it over to the next speaker,the next introduction. our next speakeris shadia habbal. she has the privilege of beingfrom hawaii-- so, from hawaii

to southern illinois. that's an interestingtrip, i'm sure. but she is an astronomerand faculty chair at the university of hawaii. it's hawaii'sinstitute of astronomy. dr. habbal will discuss thescientific value of an eclipse. dr. habbal. thank you very much. i spell my last name h-a-b-b-a-land my first name is shadia--

s-h-a-d-i-a. so we have to thinkof the sun as our closest star. there is no otherstar in the universe that we can observewith these details. and we are fortunate thateclipses happen in such a way that we can actuallydiscover that this star has an outer atmospherethat's just glorious. now, you can say, well, what'sthe-- other than beauty, what's the value?

well, think aboutit as from a-- it's really thanks tototal solar eclipses that, one, we knowthere is a corona, and second, lots ofdiscoveries about the universe were made from eclipses. one is the existence ofthe element of helium. the second exampleis that there are elements that arehighly ionized that have lost lots of their electrons.

iron is one of them. you can find nickel. you can find aluminum. you can find all theelements on earth. so the uniqueness forscientific endeavors in this day and ageof space exploration is that it's the onlyobserving opportunity that allows us to see the sun orthe outer atmosphere of the sun from the solar surface allthe way out to several radii

above the surface. at the moment, there is nothingin space or on the ground that has these capabilities. so you can really tailoryour observations. you can think ofan idea and then you have time to exploreit with new technology. that you cannot do if youhave an instrument in space that's already running. you can't changethe configuration.

so what we do iswe try to observe the sun in differentwavelengths, in different partsof the spectrum and you can really probe intothe physics of the corona, understand how the ions arechanging their identity, what the distributionof the temperature is, how they're distributedthroughout these different structures which are acombination of magnetic fields and plasma, highlycharged particles.

so these are opportunitiesthat at the moment only exist withtotal solar eclipses. and whatever we learnfrom this inner corona also tells us somethingabout how the sun is and it's whatever the-- andall the particles it's spewing into space in what wecall the solar wind is going to impact all theplanets but most importantly our own planet. and it impacts it notjust from the radiation,

but also from the interactionof its magnetic fields with the magneticfields of the earth. and one of the importantfields of research has been what we nowcall space weather, where we try to predict or understandhow can the sun impact the magneticenvironment of the earth and sometimes havea significant impact on all telecommunicationssatellites and other satellitesto the extent

that they can be destroyed. so all this research,you can think about it as the source is really we needto understand the source of all these events at the sun and thetotal solar eclipses are really the opportunity to do that. i forgot to mention onevery important project which is called the citizen cateproject that [inaudible] is heading. and this will be-- ittakes place this in 20--

we'll, they're preparing for2017 where they have groups across the whole united stateswith identical telescopes looking at the corona. and then they will coordinateall these observations. now, it takes 90minutes for the eclipse to cross acrossthe united states. so each person willhave their own data and then the data willbe combined together. so it's a fantasticexperiment and also

endeavor to get all thepeople, amateur students, you know, professors,engaged in and taking part in this cosmic event. and carbondale is oneof the central sites. are you havingdifficulty hearing? is the audio-- we need to go up. all right, we'll do whatwe can here to help you. next is angela speck. she's director ofastronomy and professor

of astrophysics at theuniversity of missouri. she will talk aboutthe eclipse in relation to southern illinoisand missouri. is this better on the audio? all right, so ifyou would be so kind as to speak on the microphone. i'm really loud anyway. so my name's angela speck. that's s-p-e-c-k, as youmight expect it to be.

so i'm going totalk a little bit about what's going on inmissouri and southern illinois. the path of a total eclipsecrosses the whole of missouri and then across thebottom of illinois. and this is such agreat opportunity to engage with peopleand have people see just how amazing science can be. many people have oddconceptions of what it means to be a scientist.

i'm betting many peoplewatching this don't think i'd look like a scientist. and so it's reallyan opportunity for us to reach out. and we want to be havingevents all the way along. so we've already heardabout how the path crosses over carbondale here. it crosses a hugeswath across missouri. and we wanted to haveeverybody on the path engaged,

looking, doing science, but alsojust taking in the awe of it, seeing the effects thatfred talked about of animals and things like that. there's so much we can do. and that involves usreaching out to the public and to governmental groups. so there's two pieces of this. one is that we wanteducators ready. a lot of schools are going to bein session when this happens--

so making it sothat this is really a great educationalopportunity for all the children across southernillinois and missouri-- and all the people thatwill come here as well. at the same time, wesaw a talk this morning about how many people thereare at different distances. and i'll just remindyou of those numbers. there are 12 million people liveon the path of totality total. but there are nearly 100million live within 200 miles.

so when you startlooking at that, places in southernillinois and in missouri are going to see a lotof people coming here. and we need to be prepared. we need to have thetraffic people prepared. we need to havebusinesses prepared. and we also need to be readywith making it safe for people to watch this. eclipse so there's lot ofoutreach that needs to happen

and working with all of thelocal governments as well as state governments,working with department of natural resources in bothstates, and really making it so that this iseasy for everybody to enjoy and getthe most out of. and our finalspeaker is lou mayo. he's a planetary scientistand program manager working for adnet systems atnasa's goddard space flight center.

he also is aprofessor of astronomy at marymount universityand he will tell you about nasa's plansfor the eclipse. lou? lou mayo-- l-o-u m-a-y-o. so i'mgoing to talk to you a little bit today in the very shorttime i have about nasa's plans for the eclipse. and i'll talk a littlebit about eclipse safety and how you can view theeclipse without concern.

nasa has a longhistory of bringing the excitement of sciencediscovery to the public. in fact, nasa is arguablythe agency leader in bringing science informationto all areas of the public and to all populations. our goal for the 2017eclipse quite simply is to make the eclipseaccessible to everyone in the country and to asmany people internationally as possible.

nasa-- in orderto do this, we're going to use our extensivenasa assets-- our scientists, our space assets-- sothat people can not just see the eclipse, but see itthrough the eyes of nasa. see it from space, see itfrom the connections that can be made to other planets,other stars, and other star systems. we're using the eclipse,as we have so many times, using celestial events ashooks to excite the public,

to get them engaged inscience, to provide educators with the informationthey need to teach these things in theclassroom, to provide museums with the resources they need. and so we have a reallyimpressive network of internal nasa partnerssuch as the night sky network, the nasa museumalliance, space grant and other groups, aswell as external partners that represent networksof special populations,

professional populations, andinformal education groups. so nasa plans to bring theeclipse to you, for example, through the auspices of thelunar reconnaissance orbiter, which is orbiting the moon. and our hope is, as werefine the ephemeris for the spacecraft,that it will be able to see the eclipse,the lunar shadow, from the lunarorbit as it touches the west coast ofthe united states

and then, as itcomes around again, see it again on the east coast. the internationalspace station may be able to photograph theeclipse from low altitude earth orbit. and we're hoping as timegets closer that we'll again be able to refine its orbitto know exactly where it is and whether it'llbe able to do this. and also, the dscovr spacecraftwith the nasa epic camera

will be photographingthe eclipse from space. we'll have scientistsinterviews, scientists who study the sun, who studythe moon, who study planets, scientists who study mars,and work with the curiosity rover, which can takepictures of an eclipse on mars from phobos, oneof its two moons, as well as astrophysicists,who will be talking about how astronomers discover planetsaround other star systems by watching the planetseclipse their stars.

so there's an enormous varietyof information and activities that nasa will behosting-- challenges, observing challenges,citizen science programs, and do it yourself scienceto do things like measure the speed of the umbralshadow or calculate the distance to the moon. and we'll be bringing you alongwith us to look at the eclipse. and we'll be here incarbondale on the day of the eclipse with nasaedge webcasting this

through our megacastto broadcast groups around the countryand around the world. so our hope is--basically, we're saying, let's see if we cantouch a billion people with this eclipse. and we have somehistory in doing exactly that kind of thing. i want to say a wordabout eclipse safety because i know that's aconcern for a lot of people.

looking at the sun withprotection of solar filters, either on a telescopeor the solar glasses that you'll see here at theconference, is quite safe. these filters are isostandards and they have the right propertiesfor infrared and ultraviolet and visible filtering. but probably the safestway to look at an eclipse is through aprojection method where you might use a pinholein a piece of cardboard

to project an image of thesun onto a piece of paper or might construct a cardboardbox that has a pinhole in it so that you're not lookingdirectly at the sun but you're looking at animage cast of the sun. and if you can'tdo any of those, join our nasa webcastat eclipse2017.nasa.gov. we'll be showing you theeclipse from live streaming along the path of totality,from off the path of totality-- you can see the partialphases of the eclipse--

and with interviewsfor people showing their experiences of the eclipsethrough all of rural america, from portland, oregonall the way down to charleston, south carolina. so it's going to be a fun ride. just a couple quick words onthe role that the university and the city of carbondalewill be playing in relation to the eclipse. i briefly mentioned it,but let me just elaborate

a bit to state that there havebeen various committees, kind of town and gowncommittees, who have been, as well as the state,working to make sure we have basic things suchas sanitation, generators, you name it-- parking, makingsure everything related to safety is numberone and paramount. we've been meetingfor at least a year and we're, what, 13,14 months out now. and we're continuingto meet pretty much

on a weekly basis, some ofus, others on a daily basis, depending accordingly. i wanted to say justa couple things. i wanted toacknowledge bob baer. bob, give everyone a quickwave of the hand there. bob is sie's mr. eclipse. so any questions you in themedia have in the future, pretty much direct themto bob and he will-- he's got the answers and he knowsall these folks up here as well.

so he's got thenational credential as well to get you theinformation that you may need. we also have ourdean of the college of science here,dr. laurie achenbach as well as-- she'swaving there-- as well as her associatedean, scott ishman, who is also mr. eclipse as well. and they're the ones who aretaking the lead for carbondale on basically making sure allthe educational things happen.

and we've also got ateam of folks who are, like, i said, working on someof the infrastructure things to make sure there'sentertainment, food, tickets, sponsors, all that good stuff. so it's a multifacetedapproach that we're taking. it will truly takea village plus. if you ask how many peoplewill be here any one time, it's a bit of a guessing game. i've heard as low as30,000, upwards of--

50, 60,000. 50, 6-- yeah-- yeah, yeah. it's all-- allweather dependent. so it's going to bevery-- it's going to be very interestingto see how it happens. and we'll have to be veryflexible and prepared to do. because if it's cloudyon the west coast, then there's going to bea lot of folks coming east

to try to get thatglimpse that they need and i guess same thing here. if it's cloudyhere, i guess others will adjust accordingly,especially the serious, serious folks suchas these folks not, so much the casual observer. but anyway, the otherthing i wanted to say is, and it was kind ofalluded to a little bit, was the economicimpact that it's going

to have on all the regions. but we can specifically talkabout the sweet spot here in carbondale. hotel rooms, restaurants,food and beverage providers, all the wineries, bed andbreakfast, very aware of this and making appropriateaccommodations. we're also working withthe various chamber of commerce and tourism unitsout of molly williamson county. but we're going as farnorth as jefferson county,

which is mount vernon. and we could go muchfarther than that, actually. but there's onlyso much that we can do in attempting tocoordinate things. but we thinkcoordination is going to be huge in making it kindof-- the kind of impression that we want to make onfolks who are coming in because for a lot of folks,you've got one chance to make an impression.

even though they'recoming to see the eclipse, they're going to be cominglooking at our campus as well as the city of carbondale. and we want to make sureit is the very best. so please note we'reworking very hard on that and you'll be getting moreinformation as we roll things out. with that, i'm going to askthe four of these speakers to come join behind me.

and that way, we won't haveto kind of up and down, up and down and just beright here at the microphone. what we'll do is any questionsthat you have for these folks-- come up, shadia--please direct them. i'll call on you. we'll direct themto the microphone. please let them know fromwhat news agency you are from and we'll go for as longas, you know, is reasonable. and when it naturallydies out, feel

free to talk toany of these folks individually as well afterwards. yes, any problems there? because the one thingabout these folks is they love sharing. so you're not going tohurt for a good quote. and actually, when one ofyou get a chance to speak, for the media folks who mightnot have heard everything you said quickly in tryingto write things down,

is there a website? i know there'smultiple, obviously. but if you couldhave a website where they could go to get kindof some basic definitions and some statistics that maybe helpful in their stories, if you could share withmaybe one or two of them that you findparticularly helpful, they may find thatbeneficial as well. all right, so with that, let'sgo ahead and get started.

yes sir. [inaudible] i know thatthere's a lot of concern in the community, and you'refamiliar with it as well, this is all happening when theuniversity [inaudible] moving in for the weekend. is there sort ofplan to address that? no, you're lookingfor elaboration. yes, it is. and initially, there wasa committee that met.

because we set academiccalendars three and four years out, believe it or not. it was initially decided thatschool would go on at the time. the decision was madethree or four years ago. but that was withthe information that was available at that time. since that time, we've obviouslyhad much more information and projections havebeen adjusted upward. and there are someprocedures that i

have to go through inconsulting with faculty and differentconstituency groups. but we will be doingthat fairly quickly to see if we would liketo revisit that decision. and if i were to lookat my crystal ball, i would suggest thereis a strong possibility that some adjustments wouldbe made to accommodate. but-- because youcan't have three, or four or 5,000 newstudents coming in,

30,000 guestminimally, and expect to do justice to both groups. and that'll be the argumentthat i'll put forward. but yes, we are clearlylooking at that. and folks from the cityand as well as other venues have made known their concernand we're going to respond. all right, next. that was a question. yes, ma'am.

like you said, there's anywherebetween 30,000 and possibly even 60,000 people[inaudible] going to be coming tothe carbondale area and to surroundingcounties as well. so i guess myquestion is for those, say, in [inaudible]county who don't want to drive over to carbondaleamid the mob of people, how wide is the areaof totality of light? [inaudible] stayhome to observe--

how far-- --the eclipse? ok, fred, go ahead. the eclipse path in illinoisis about 70, 71 miles wide. so really, the southernquarter of the state-- i think you'd haveto consult a map. but it's a fairly largearea and you can readily find these maps online. as long as you're in theso-called path of totality,

you'll see the total eclipse. are there varying degrees,or-- so if i'm in [? marion ?] but i have the samevantage as carbondale? the duration is longest inthe very middle of the path, but it drops off very slowly. it's only when you gettowards the last four or five miles towards theedges of the path where the durationdrops precipitously. if you're [? anywheres ?]within, let's see,

20 miles of thecenter of the path, you're going to getmost of totality. you're going to get two minutesor more of the total phase. it's only at thevery edges where it starts dropping downto below a minute, 30 seconds, that sort of thing. i just wanted to add something. so i'm doing a lot of theplanning for missouri. and because i'm with thebig state university,

we're planning for thewhole state, not just the columbia region. and one of the thingsthat we're doing is as much as you want toget business into carbondale, you don't want itto be overwhelmed. and so actually, you want tohave as many sites as possible along that path. so the center line goes all theway from the missouri border across to kentucky.

there's lots of spacethat can be used. so you shouldn't bethinking about carbondale as the only spot. carbondale is goingto be a great spot because nasa is here,because people are prepared. but there are going tobe lots of opportunities. the state parks hereat this meeting, they're going tobe having sites. so you want to thinkabout it in those terms.

the other thing is if you'refrom a surrounding town, i have no doubt thatbob baer can help you with issues of how youget things set up so. we're working with theparks for individual cities to use the city parksand things like that. so there's lots ofways in which this can-- you don'tnecessarily need to drive. and i think whatyou'll also find is that it's not justcarbondale that's going

to get that influx of people. you're going to have peoplecoming from all over. and it's, where are theygoing to get to stay? and if carbondaleis full, then you're going to get other places. carbondale is the biggestplace in this bit of illinois, but-- and so you also wantto be preparing the people around in that largerarea that they might have a big influx of people too.

in fact, i guarantee they willhave a big influx of people. molly? [inaudible] how the weather canaffect the viewing [inaudible] and what that means. who wants to take a stab? sure, why not? ok, so obviously,it's pretty hard to predict theweather 15 months out. we do have good historicaldata on how the weather changes

across the path. and so you can see onthose sort of charts of what the cloud cover is. you can kind of see whereit's good and where it's bad. so, you know, unsurprisingly,the best place in the country is where it's highdesert, right? and it gets on averageworse as you go east. but then there are kindof different places. if there is low cloud-- ifthere's really big cloud cover,

then you're in trouble. and people aregoing to be looking at the radar maps,what's going on, to find where there are gaps. and this is why you need toworry about not just what's going on incarbondale, but what's all around because you'regoing to have people getting in their cars and driving. and you know, i'mfrom a school that

has a big athletic program. and when we have footballgames, traffic is crazy. it's going to be so muchworse than that on this day. so you're going to havepeople choosing spots according to theweather and it'll be kind of adjustedas you get to a week out and then a fewdays out and so on. if there's sparse cover,then i think a lot of people will stay put.

the true eclipsechasers are going to be chasing thegaps in the cloud. my feeling is-- and i'massuming that carbondale has more or less thesame sort of weather patterns as missouri. you're not that far away. we're almost monsoony. and so although the cloudcover average for that day is not great because we tendto have storms in the evening,

it's in august. we're generally prettyclear in august, right? if we do have storms, theyhappen late in the day. so i think for thisbit of the country, we can be cautiously optimistic. so we have access to thesemaps that angela spoke about. and i think in thecarbondale area, historically, there's somethingon the order of a 30% to 40% chance of cloud cover--so, not too bad.

and that's more or less what itis generally along the eclipse line from coast to coast. some places are a littlebit better but not much. so for a couple of youtv stations out there, your weather people are goingto be-- we're counting on you. so the jim [inaudible] andeveryone else of the world, we're going to--got to get it right. so-- all right. that's right.

we're going to holdtheir feet to the fire. all right, who's next? all right, going once, twice. all right, thankyou all very much. this will conclude this portion. like i said, thesefour folks will be happy to stayup here and answer any other additionalquestions you may have. thank you again, bob.

so yes, i'm here to talk aboutthe citizen continental america telescopic eclipse experimentor citizen cate experiment. we've got a huge group ofpeople working on this. bob and a cast ofthousands, literally. it's a pleasure to workwith each of these people and this is an incompletelist but we're spread out across the country and ifyou don't see your name on this list, please join. let me just give you a summaryabout what the idea is.

and it's been reviewed by alot of speakers already today. on the upper right, youcan see a composite image which shows two ofthe views that nasa can get of the solar corona. the first primary viewis the solar corona on the disk of the sun ata particular temperature. we can measure this atseveral temperatures from 10,000 up to twomillion degrees kelvin. but we can't reallysee the corona much

beyond the limb of the sun. that's a radius of one. looking at the electronsin the solar corona, we can see all the plasmaat all the temperatures, down to about 2.2 solar radii. that's shown in the red image. and what a solar eclipsedoes is it opens up a window that allows us to seethe middle part from about one to about two solar radii.

and here a lot of interestingsolar physics is happening. i'll try not totalk too much, but i have to mention that thesolar wind accelerates from about 1 kilometer persecond up to 100 kilometers per second at theboundaries of this region. and the magnetic field goesfrom a complicated twisting, loopy structure at the base upto a purely radial structure at 2.2 solar radii. we don't know howthese things happen,

and so studying this area ofthe corona is really important. now from one spot, onthe path of totality, you can see this area for abouttwo and 1/2 or maybe seven minutes if you're lucky. that's not really a lot to studythe dynamics of the plasma, or the magneticfields, but what we're hoping to do in2017 is to set up 60 sites along thepath of totality and as this lunar shadowcrosses each site,

take images of the solarcorona, assemble them into a continuous movie thatwill spend 90 minutes of time. this type of data hasnot been collected before and there's a lotof solar physics that's just come screamingout of this data set. so that's my motivation here,is selfishly to do science. are bumper sticker is down here,"2500 miles, 60 telescopes, 90 minutes of totality." i think that says it all.

so in trying to planout how to do this, we've relied on thegenerosity of volunteers. and a particular fredespenak is in the audience. fred was our firstvolunteer or guinea pig. in 2015, he agreed to use oneof our prototype telescopes on his vacation in europe, tolook at the farewell island eclipse in march of 2015. now, fred didn't knowthis, but we give him crummy software to use, andthe weather was not so good.

but through all ofthis, fred managed to get 30 seconds of images ofthe corona with his telescope after some minimaltraining on it. and so we looked at thatas a proof of concept that we can use a volunteerto collect scientifically valuable data. and the idea isfor cate for 2017, we're not going to be able tohave solar physicists at each of these sites.

we're going to rely onvolunteers and citizen scientists to do this. our next step, was thankfullyfunded with a grant from nasa, where we'renow looking at four groups of university students. here's the path oftotality for 2017 again. we've got students from wyoming,carbondale, western kentucky, and south carolinastate university, who are being trained onhow to use the telescopes

and then the idea is for2017 they will spread out along the path of totalityand train the volunteers before the august eclipse. so it's a train thetrainers program. so, that's what i'll spend thebulk of my time talking about. what the first step was isthat in january this year, we shipped thestudents to tucson and made them puttogether their telescopes. so they know the ins andouts of the assembly.

we tested the software. and then the thingthat they liked the most was a skypesession with avivah yamani, because she's injakarta, in indonesia, and that's where we're goingto send them to get on the job training in march of 2016. we tried to observe the sun fromtucson and believe it or not, it was cloudy that day. i don't know why.

so then the studentspacked up the telescope and shipped them backto the universities. so just like in 2017, weplan to spread them out along the path of totality. in the 2016 eclipse, we hada group in tanggung pantun here, balikpapan,palu, and turnate. we had a fifth group,again fred espenak didn't learn the first time. but he volunteeredto take more data

with anotherprototype from the nso on a cruise ship inthe makassar strait. let me just jump to the results. and again, i won't talk toomuch about science in this talk. i'll talk more aboutscience tomorrow. but four out of thefive sites got data. our bookends sitesat the beginning and the end of thesequence got the best data, although it was partly cloudyconditions in both locations.

very clear in thecenter, but unfortunately had instrumentation problemsand if you look closely, the resolution is muchreduced in these two sites. then one site inparticular, near balikpapan is clouded out completely. but, there's a lot of goodscience and the students, sarah it is oneof those students. so she's not intucson right now, but the rest of the studentsare currently in tucson,

doing the scientificcalibration of the data and we hope to getsome publications out by the end of thesummer by comparing the evolution of thecorona as we go along the path of the 2016 eclipse. it's not continuous coverage,but there's new science here. so what i'll focus oninstead of the science, though is the stories. so each site has astory, and heck it's

indonesia, so we have toshow some pictures, right? the siu people, bob and sarahwent to the first site tanggung pantun, on the westernedge of the eclipse path. they did some outreachat some schools there. sarah gave a wonderfultalk about solar physics to indonesian highschool students. how exciting is that? and then they showed thesun to a bunch of students at that school.

and here's a sampleof their data. this of course is reallyhighly processed image, the equipment takes sevenindividual exposures-- going ahead here. and then we assemble theminto one high dynamic range image because theintensity of the corona really drops off bya factor of 1,000 across this small distance. but here we can see somefascinating structures

as you've seen in someof the other images from this morning's talks. and we'll be doingsome science to look at how these structuresevolve during this eclipse. the next site was fromthe university of wyoming. mike pierce and logan jensentraveled to balikpapan and then actually drovecloser to the center-line to get a longerduration for totality. unfortunately, as youcan see from this image,

the day of the eclipse wasn't sogood and they got clouded out. they observed from a helipadon top of a hospital. but then after the eclipse, theyhad another outreach program with the school in the localarea and had a great turnout. showed people the sun. you've heard aboutthe cruise, already and here's john[? varsic ?] an observer from big bear with davidyoung and again fred. again they took some gooddata during clear conditions

of the cruise, but unfortunatelysome of the instrumentation didn't quite work out right. we'll be looking at what we canget in terms of low resolution kernel information from theirdata set in the coming weeks. in the location of palu,on sulawesi, again they had excellent weather andthe contingency from western kentucky university went there. richard gelderman,and honor [? hare ?] worked actuallyfor several months

leading up to theeclipse by skyping with a group of students fromtadulako university which was facilitated bygraham jones from japan. so when richard and honorarrived into indonesia, they were greeted withstudents and faculty that they alreadyknew via skype. and the idea, i hear, is tohave some of these indonesian students travelto bowling green, to western kentuckyfor the 2017 eclipse.

the site that theyobserved from was a rooftop site at the universityand they had good conditions. but again, slightlyde-focused images. we'll be looking to see whatwe can do to process that. then our final story isfrom the island of turnate, on the eastern edge ofthe indonesian path. here, south carolina stateuniversity faculty don walter and miles mckay took amore relaxed approach. they did some outreachwith the local people

at the hotel, thetourists there as well. because the best spotthat they found to observe was from the hotel balcony. they had an excellentview of the eclipse. again, partly cloudyconditions but we've reassembled some of their datainto high dynamic range image and this is what a sample looks like. so again, the idea here is totrain students to spread out

in the early part of 2017to train the volunteers for the august 2017 eclipse. in that year from 2015 to 2016,this might be an unfair image, but this is the typeof progress that we've made, mostly in termsof data collection and software between our firstattempt in the farewell islands and our network ofsites here in indonesia. so we've got only 434 days left? oh my god.

well, basicallyanother year, we're not going to makea huge improvement in the spatial resolution ofthe data, in the next year, but what we need to do is tofind a way to replicate this at 60 sites across the nation. so this involves people,way more people than me. we've got a sequence or seriesof state coordinators spread out along the countryin various states. my colleague in oregon,[? lynn ?] powers

is trying to coordinatethe efforts in idaho. you've got mikepierce in wyoming. [? mariana ?][? lazaruva ?] in nebraska. joseph wright and davidyoung are here from-- they're> the coordinatorsfor the state of missouri. bob baer for illinois,richard gielderman, again is here from coordinatinga site in kentucky. jim [? dickens ?] fortennessee and don walter for south carolina.

so these are thepeople who actually verify that the sites thatwe've selected are good or move them aroundslightly if there's a school or some otherlocation that's better. they'll also selectthe volunteers. we've got about 140 people whoare interested in volunteering, so we have the luxury ofchoosing the best volunteers, the people who are mostlikely to get good data and be most reliable.

volunteers aren't the problem,but i've got this crazy idea that the best use forthis instrumentation, after the eclipse, is that itgoes home with the volunteers afterwards. that we just transfer ownershipto the people who use it. so that's greatexcept, now, well, that sort of rules out gettingfunding from nasa and nsf because we can't justgive things away that way. so we're raising corporateand private funds

to sponsor the equipmentcosts for the cate experiment. we've got fourwonderful sponsors. daystars isproviding telescopes. mathworks is working on thesoftware, both the acquisition and the analysis software. celestron is providingmounts for us. color maker, idon't know if anyone knows who color maker is. they're a food dye manufacturerin anaheim, california.

so they read our skyand telescope article and the ceo is an avidamateur astronomer, and he wanted to donate moneyto be involved in the project. so it's fantastic. we've got other donors who aresponsoring in smaller amounts, but the researchcorporation in particular is funding twosites in nebraska. here's a quick summaryof the cost that we have. the equipment is modest.

it's about $3,500. currently, we have an unfundedcost per site of about $2100. and so the bottom-line in red,is that we need about $97,000 for continuous coveragein all 60 sites. if we had to fieldinstruments tomorrow, here's our plan for 60 sites. the ones in green are theones that we could fund, so we've got about 21 sitesfunded and sort of established. i'll be up here in idaho.

i'm sorry. but the site that i wantto talk a little bit about is in beatrice,nebraska, because what we're doing there is-- thehigh school in beatrice is really close tothe center-line. it's got about 650students and we've been in contact with thesuperintendent for the school district and whatwe're planning to do is to have a partnershipbetween beatrice

and a local tucson highschool, cienega high school. cienega is in thevail school district and vail is a verymuch larger school district than thebeatrice school district. they've got enoughstudents to actually have a physics and astronomyteacher, jack erickson, and he's involvedwith the project. also importantly, they'veagreed to fund the travel costs for their students to go tonebraska for this experiment

and come back. so that's really nice. and the researchcorporation has sponsored the equipment for their site. because they arelocal in tucson, we had a practice sessionduring the mercury transit, where we had thestudents who were going to be involved in theeclipse program come out and take data ofthe mercury transit.

here's a really crummytime-lapse reconstruction of their data. we also have data fromwyoming and south carolina. and so the idea is todevelop a class of activity where we can use parallaxfrom these different sites to find the distance to mercury. but perhaps more importantly,in terms of an outreach mission, what they did during themercury transit is they had a webcast at of twoof their other schools

as a test case because whatthey're planning to do in 2017 is to broadcast thenebraska site back to all 17 of their schools, and showthe 12,000 students in vail the total solar eclipse. they'll see a partial eclipseout the window with the eclipse glasses, but then they'll beable use the web broadcast to see their friends andcolleagues in nebraska, and the path of totality. so, this is just 1 of60 stories, i hope,

that are going to happenas part of this project. so what happens on theday after the eclipse? i've have already said thati've got this crazy idea to just give the instrument away. giving it away with nomanual or no instructions might not be the best thing todo, so what we're hoping to do is, to have a menu ofcitizen science projects that the volunteers can useafter the solar eclipse. we're developing a solarprogram that they can engage in

to observe the sun. the velocities onthe sun, i hope. variable stars andcomets are well within the reachof this telescope and using the idea of havinga network of telescopes across the countryand using parallax, we might be able to actuallyget some interesting survey work done, where we can measurethe distance to objects, rather than justdiscovering new objects.

these are just ideasoff the top of my head. i'm sure you guys can comeup with much better ideas for the use ofthese instruments. so in summary, inthe past two years, we've gone from a proofof concept situation in the farewell islands,to science quality data coming from a network of sites. we have challenges,the half of the data basically from indonesiahad focus problems,

so we're working on thatso that we get that right before the 2017 eclipse. but i thinkimportantly, we've got four groups ofundergraduate students across the country nowstudying the solar corona, where they normallydon't do solar physics. so i think that'san exciting thing. they'll be excellent trainersfor the 2017 eclipse. we've got a set ofstate coordianators

and a long list of volunteers,who are more than qualified. and finally, i stillhave that crazy idea to give the eqipment away tovolunteers after the eclipse. so i'll end with a plea. if you have $97,000 lying aroundyour house or your neighbor does, or you have ideasabout how i can find $97,000 please send me an email orcontact me during the meeting. thanks for your time. thanks,matt?

any questions for matt? jeremy veldman, memphisastronomical society. this is my colleague,rick we're planning logistics for next year. of the $97,000, twoquestions, number one, is there a minimumdonation that you'll accept and number two if a companydoes donate, what do you to acknowledge that company? no minimum.

but what we're doing nowis we're establishing what's called an unrestricteddonation to the nso and there's a account numberthat we''ll used to purchase the equipment in bulk. so we'll depositthat and keep track. we'll have a letter ofagreement with the donors and keep track of that,and then purchase it as one massive purchase. so, yeah.

please contact me. we had a questionof here, i think. mr. [? ventner. ?] hi matt. obviously alongthe path, they're going places where it'scloudy, and a couple of questions about that. do you have contingencieswhere some of your observers can relocate in case of cloud?

and the second partof that question is, how does thatimpact the science that you've derived if youhave gaps in your record? right. so, some of the velocitiesthat we're looking at won't really be affected toomuch by the gaps in record, so there will be valuablescience to come out, even from a 21 site network. and in terms of clouds, i thinkfred's case was pretty telling

there was no chance ofany view of the eclipse up until the time ofthe eclipse and then there was 30 seconds,so i hate to say it in front of sucha large audience but were actually hoping thatsome people miss the eclipse. and that they stay at thespots that were designated, just in case there's achance that it clears up. if we do have morethan 60 sites-- 60 is sort of the minimum,assuming clear skies

and maybe i'm a foolfor assuming that, but i'll go with that. if we do have more fundingthan we need for 60 we'll increase the density ofsites, actually ironically, where the cloudcover is probably going to be the heaviest. thanks matt. all done-- anymore-- sorry, bev. just really quick, where do igo to buy that awesome bumper

sticker that you made? we'll be selling them in thelobby after the talk, i think. [audience members cheer] thanks very much. good afternoon. [music playing] i guess the music is there. it's ok. sorry for the technical glitch.

and i guess for the manyof you that i told you-- --change it. can you hear me now? and that i haveobserved nine eclipses. not all successfully. i have [inaudible] for eclipse. i have directedeclipse coordination and done all thingspossible with eclipse. and at nasa, weactually test the sun.

and we did, everysecond, artificially-- and with respect to the corona. not close to the surfaceof the sun-- [inaudible] --the mission, so we with ourspacecraft actually surrounded the sun, so we see the sun--so how did i come into this particular [inaudible] and we'regoing to hear from [inaudible] and alex-- and this is a very dauntingchallenge-- [inaudible] warning to you --utilize

it is a great pleausreto be here-- [inaudible] so, anyone who has everseen a picture taken from deep space and thisis a picture actually taken by the epic camera fromdscovr, a million miles away. the vantage point, of l1,very far away from earth. could be forgiven, forthinking of these two words, splendid-isolation. and in some ways, surroundedby millions of miles, in this case, 93 millionmiles of uninterrupted black,

the fragile blue globeseems profoundly alone, disconnected from anything else. at least that's what we think. nothing could befurther from that truth. earth is profoundlyconnected to our star. and just this brightblue disk is just the most obvious evidence. and what you are seeing thereis actually the connection of the star, to our planet.

and it's just notour planet, it's every planet, every object. in the solar system. and a question wasraised earlier, why do we really study the sun? why is it importantto observe the eclipse from the coronalperspective, from the ground? well, because thereis a deep connection. we live in the outeratmosphere of the star

and it actually affectsthe home of our planet. what you're looking--there is the magnetosphere. it is this invisiblecocoon that protects us from the harmful particlesof the sun, the solar wind that you have beenhearing about. and you can see, it actually issort of quivering like a cocoon under the pressureof solar radiation, as well as particles. we are deeply connected,even though the star is

92 million miles away from us. so solar variabilityconsequences to society, is why we actuallystudy this star at nasa. with other agencies, of course. including nsf. and these are someof the examples of what the consequences are. human radiation exposure,believe it or not. we have been actuallyliving with our astronauts

on board the space station. which is outside ofthe actual protective-- most of the protectivelayer of our planet. we have spaceexploration, and we have gps communicationnavigation system that are affected. there are satellitesthat are affected. our terrestrial climateis affected, short-term, long-term.

so there are a whole hostof terrestrial consequences of what the sun unleashes at us. and recently, as we areflying our spacecraft to different planets. maven is an exampleof such a mission. looking at mars. or pluto-new horizons. we are figuring out how thesolar wind and solar radiation interact with each one ofthese different environments.

so, the societal consequenceis really important. why we study the sun, as we do. and not only earth, but theentire solar system actually lives with it'sstar, and these are some of the images fromour spacecraft stereo. these are two spacecraft thatactually-- so not looking at the sun from thesun-earth vantage point, but actually drifting, sortof hidden behind our planet, to get a morethree-dimensional sometimes

and sometimes a very uniquevantage point, really, literally looking at thesun from all directions. and i'd like to share acouple of additional facts if you already haven'tthought about it. as we are discovering,planetary systems with moons do not seem to be all thatunique in the universe; however, earth is relativelyuncommon in that it has a moon of both theright size and distance to allow for the occurrenceof total eclipses.

perhaps, most importantlyof all, this planet is the only one weknow, at least so far, that possesses thelife forms capable of witnessing the majestyof celestial mechanics. it's pretty amazing whenyou really think about it. and it's not goingto be the case millions of years from now, asthe moon is losing its angular velocity. we are going torecede farther away;

and therefore, the moon willnot be able to actually cover the full disk of the sun. and at some point inthe distant future, when the human species probablywon't exist as it does today, but there will beonly annular eclipses, and not total solar eclipse. this is just showing the nextfrontier in space weather, both terrestrialand interplanetary. space weatherforecasting is going

to be really viewing thesun and the solar storms, and solar wind, that flowsinto the solar system. the five telescopeson stereo actually views the sun from thesurface of the sun, all the way past earth. that's what you're seeing. and the lowerpicture is actually a special coordinate systemin which you are viewing. as i was telling shadiaearlier, you are actually

seeing the solar wind. something we measured with insitu sensors before, but now with stereo spacecraft,we are actually imaging the solar windand a solar storm. and we have been able toidentify the magnetic topology inside some of these storms. it pretty incredible whathuman ingenuity can do. so evolution of systems,i think the reason i put this up is, if you thinkabout how our science started,

it was forced really lookingat the poles of our planet and gradually we moved forwardand we wanted to understand the earth system as a planet,which was the international geophysical year. and from there, we cascadedinto international heliophysical year. and the goal iseventually, i think if feel play ourcards right, we can use this particularlocation type eclipse

to really galvanizethe us community, the international community. you know, we haven't done yet. so what is the big nasaperspective been in this case? and i'm just going toidentify the highlights and i know lou is going totalk about a lot of these, so i might see some ofthe later charts going to some of the oneshe might not address. but the big ideas aresafety, and you have already

heard about it. science. and this is big picturescientist, not just solar physics. it's just not astrophysics,but much bigger than that. we have education/ we havecitizen science and of course, public engagement. safety, we have talked about. we need to discuss it more.

there are two viewpointsfor viewing of the eclipse, but also camera equipment,telescopes, all kinds of filters. i think we need tocoordinate our efforts. i know [? doubleday's ?]working group is already activelyworking on that. we would like to workwith you together. science i think thescience strategy's an integrated campaignfrom ground to space,

to provide thecomplementary data needed to examine theseuniquely important phenomenon. and, so ground basedheliophysics science are required to complementspace-based observations that we already have. our space based assets thatcome from international space station, the fleet ofnasa, and noel spacecraft. and all of this is going torequire tremendous amounts of coordination.

education, this isan exciting event that has thepotential to galvanize hundreds of millions of people. and this is absolutely a uniqueteaching moment in a way that is unparalleled, i think. and let me not gointo details, i know time is short-- thereis citizen science concept. you have [inaudible]example of citizen science. what i want to bring to youis atmospheric scintillation.

through ground based radiotelescopes, transit phenomena, by cell phone imagery,continuously across the eclipse path, effects onecosystem, this is going to be reallyimportant if you want to engage your young students. this is actually a movie thatyou will see from arnie wright tomorrow. this is showingsolar insulation. the reason i'm showingyou this particular movie,

is to show that is thatshadow, the epic camera will see from discovr. but the shadow is importantbecause you can actually do meteorological experimentsunder that shadow. and these are thethings to keep in mind. you're standing here, soi have very little time. so what i'm going to do isleave this-- this chart should be available to you. there are many importantthings that nasa can do.

and i would say nasa andus, us in that regard, that you can look at and-- maybeyou are already doing it now? or maybe you want to think aboutthings that you're not doing. this is an importantchart that i want to show. i think nasa isactually planning to have a grand opportunityfor the community. it's heliophysic sciencefor eclipse 2017. it is going tolook at both sides, for sides sake, as well ascitizen science activity.

and there'll be moreinformation coming shortly. there are othercross-discipline potentials that you can look at. this is where i thinki want your help, and i have one morechart after this. so as a singular eventof national scale, i think this eclipsehas the potential that we had sort of, from thelanding on the moon in 1969. and really need tocapitalize on that.

and what i tried todo in this picture is really have a full idea. and the full idea iseclipse across america 2017. and then you can see, thebroader branding compliments economy, scientific, political,cultural, intellectual, social. we need to fillthis gap, basically. what are the variousthings we are going to do in thisbig picture domain? and then finally, i thinkthis is my last slide.

i want to end with this. nature gives usvery few occasions to study the sun or the corona. it is the human ingenuitythat has given us the understanding ofthis universe of the sun that as we know it today,and in 2017, august, we are going to havenature's ingenuity of celestial mechanicsand the eclipse. in august of 2018, nasa willsend a probe to the sun,

into the coronawithin 10 solar radii. essentially the regionof the corona eclipse , the mission is calledsolar-pro plus, and you are seeing thespacecraft as it is being built and you can see the paththrough which this mission will traversed through. and thank you verymuch and sorry for some of the confusion. thanks, lita.

any questions? if nobody else is going to aska question, i guess i will, so. i've heard from asource that there's a 100% probabilityof a carrington level event occurring sometimewithin the next century, i'm wondering with yourstudies of space weather and specifically thecitizen cape project, what science you hopeto gain by studying the corona for a period of 90minutes that could help you

further your predictionsof space weather to predict and possibly preventthe catastrophic impacts of an event like this? i think the coronastudy will not allow us to extract theprobability of a carrington type event. you have to look at the sun, thesolar disc, the dynamo, the sun spot in order to figure out whatis the region from which there will be that giant expeliarycoronal mass ejection.

what the studies like citizencape and other coronal studies can allow us better forecastingwhen such an event occurs. the forecasting alone givesus some amount of time in which people, likesatellite operators, power grid operators can takemitigating steps to prevent damage to their equipment. well, thank you. we sound pretty goodon paper, i think. don't you think?

so let's get this party started. i'm going to tell youabout nasa's plans for the eclipse in alittle more detail. thanks to lika forgiving us the kind of-- the overviewof nasa's position and how nasa studies the sun. and i'm going totell you about what we're doing to leverage nasa'speople and nasa's technology, so that the worldcan see the eclipse

through the eyes of nasa. nasa has a numberof unique assets that we're going to bringto bear on this eclipse, as we have done forthe last two decades, for big events, big celestialevents, big mission events. it doesn't hurt that nasa hasworldwide name recognition. go anywhere in the world andsay that you work with nasa, and you can feel the heartrate go up a little, can't you? just a little bit, little bit.

we have, as i said, two decadesof developing big events. some of you know ofour sun-earth days event, which has touchedover a billion people around the planet. we also have programs likeinternational observe the moon night, and many others. we have tremendous sciencetechnology and visualization resources that i'mgoing to be showing you in this presentation.

we have space centerscientists that we're going to interview and allowyou to see the eclipse not just from the standpoint ofour moon and our sun, although certainlyfocus on that, but other moons, otherplanets, other suns. we're going to present acrossdisciplinary science themes, so we'll be talkingon our website, through our social media,through nasa edge broadcasts, and so on, about planetaryscience, heliophysics,

earth science,astrophysics, astrobiology, all of these themes that areconnected in one way or another to this study of thesun-earth-moon system. and nasa has the ittechnology to do this work. we have very robust systems thatwe are certain at this point, from all these years ofexperience, won't go down. by the way, that's aconcern i have for you guys. if you have a website, theworld is going to be watching. and so we are very intenton having web programming

and other programming that staysup and available to the world. and we have our experiencedand very friendly staff. and may i just takea moment to ask, everyone on this amazing nasaeclipse team who's here with me today, would you just stand upso that we can see-- give you a little recognition? these people truly performmiracles every day, and have done it for a longtime on shoestring budgets. so i'm very fortunate to getto work with every one of them.

nasa, through our efforts ineducation and public outreach, as a leadingagency, i would say, federal government agency ineducation and public outreach, has developed anumber of networks that help us expand our reachand touch many more people. and so we have-- we use thesenetworks to reach everyone in the country and manypeople around the world. we are coordinating nowwith 10 nasa field centers, and having them developeducation programs that are

in concert with the eclipse. the night skynetwork has something like 400 amateur astronomyclubs under their umbrella, and we use them asour ambassadors. we have visualizationcapabilities that i'll show you later,solar system ambassadors that are teachers andamateur astronomers, and others who trainon nasa content, and then bring thatout to public venues.

we have the nasamuseum alliance, a network of museums thatfocuses on nasa content and nasa themes. so you can imaginehow many people, say, a couple hundred museumsreach every year. space grant is a program--it's dominated by universities, and allows us access to ourundergraduate communities primarily. and many other groups--there are 27 groups

within the nasa sciencemission directorate that are focused on educationand public outreach. we have infrastructure and many,many external partners that help us bring the eclipseto special populations and communities-- rural, innercity, challenged communities-- all across the country. so i mentioned crossdisciplines science themes. we are going to use thiscelestial event, as we have in the past, to emphasizenasa science mission

discoveries all across thescience-- space and earth science spectrum. so it's kind ofa hook, you know? we're not being truly honestwith you, i guess, in a way. but we'll pull you inwith the excitement and the wonder of thecelestial event in the sky. and then we'll fool you bytaking you off and teaching you about detection ofextrasolar planets. so this is an opportunityfor us to educate a nation.

one of our bestassets is our people. and we will be working withnasa scientists, engineers, and educators, and others,interviewing them, putting them on our website, havingthem reach the public in a variety of ways,through social media and other mechanisms, to givekind of a unique perspective to the eclipse, aunique perspective that only nasa can provide. isn't that great?

only nasa can. it's kind of our buzz line. it's kind of-- youknow, kind of cute. in addition to our people,we have the technology that we've developed. we have many space missionsthat look at the universe through eyes that are uniqueand otherwise inaccessible. we believe that there arethree space missions presently that will have a chance ofseeing the eclipse from space.

one is the internationalspace station, and we are awaitinga better ephemeris data to know exactlywhere the space station will be in over a year. it's not a done deal yet. the lunar reconnaissanceorbiter is orbiting the moon, and our hope isthat we can have it take a picture of theumbral shadow on the earth from the west coast, and thenas it orbits around the moon,

take a picture again when theshadow reaches the east coast. that's the plan, and we'llsee if the geometry works. and then the epic camera,nasa camera on the discovery mission, will be able to see theeclipse from a unique vantage point outside the moon. so how are we goingto do this, you ask? i heard you ask. you should ask. how are you going to do this?

thank you, sir! whenever i hear our youngpeople ask a question like that, i feel proud to be an american. nasa has an enormoussuite of resources that it's going to bringto bear on this eclipse, to bring the excitementand the wonder and the informationand the science content to people all over the world. here's one of them.

this is nasa wavelength,which is an amazing resource for educators. you can go to nasa wavelengthand find education products and programs that have beenvetted for scientific accuracy and currency, aswell as pedagogy, and find anything youwant for your classroom. you can even buildyour own list, and have it available for you. so this is a tremendousresource for teachers.

eyes on the solar system isan interactive 3d modeling simulator that uses realspacecraft data, as well as planetary andsmall body ephemeris, to model the solar system. and they will be modelingthe umbral shadow as it goes across the unitedstates for this eclipse. and there are many others. so i just kind of lista few of them here. solar system ambassadors,i've mentioned.

night sky network amateurastronomers, the museum alliance, and space grant. and we-- and there aremany more that we exercise to reach into a varietyof regions and communities otherwise that wouldpossibly be inaccessible. also i want tomention libraries. libraries are often a greatresource for rural communities that have few resources. we have big eventsthat we work with.

i've mentioned sun-earthdays that many of you are familiar with. but there's also internationalobserve the moon night, which is going tobe held in proximity to the eclipse in 2017. and so-- i mean, we'reall talking about the sun, because the sun'sgoing to be eclipsed. but guess what? the moon is eclipsing it.

so we're going to emphasizelunar science from the ground and from spacecraft,and get people doing hands-on observations,getting them out and looking at the moon. we have a wonderful program thatis the brainchild of carolyn ng, called small worlds week. we pull this together toemphasize nasa's investigation of comets andasteroids, but it's taken on a life of its own.

so we're going to have asmall worlds week just prior and so for four days-- ittakes place over five days. for four of thosedays, we're going to put information aboutthe sun and the moon and transits and occultationsand eclipses and eclipses on mars, eclipseson other planets. and then on the fifth day,we'll engage social media to let you ask usquestions through facebook, probably twitter i'mguessing, for 2017.

and we've done this twice. it's been hugely successful. we are emphasizing history. you heard a little bittoday about history as reported in magazinesand newspapers. and we are doing ourown research into this. the library of congress,just indicating what eclipses havebeen like historically. newspaper articles,as well as music

and other media that peoplehave used to emphasize and try to describetheir experience about eclipses in the past. we have a suite ofactivities that you can do, everything fromlook through the eyepiece of a telescope, or justlook up at the moon, to do some measurements,do a little math, figure out thedistance to the moon, figure out how fast theumbral shadow is going

across the surface ofthe earth, all the way up to citizen science,where you can actually do publishableresearch in partnership with nasa scientists. and those will allbe on our website, as well as a numberof math challenges. i know you all arechomping at the bit to get at these math challenges. and so we have them.

this is how science is done. and we'll bringthat to the world. we have amateur astronomerobserving programs. we've been doing thisfor over a decade, in partnership with theastronomical league, and now in partnershipwith the night sky network, where amateur astronomerscan take their telescopes, look at the moon, andidentify lunar features, photograph the eclipse, putthem on our flickr site,

and download a certificateof participation. so more on citizen science. here's some of theprograms that we have collected oncitizen science-- aurorasaurus hasparticipation-- people at higher latitudes lookingat the aurora, which is a byproduct of solar activity. globe, which is an earthscience project, where people will be taking measurements oftemperature and light intensity

during the eclipse, as wellas a number of other programs. and shadia habbal has onethat i think she mentioned. and we have one at goddard,nat gopalswamy, who will be measuring thetemperature of the corona and as well as zonalflow velocities. we're going to have an askthe astronomer section, so that people can writein and say, hey, i want to know somethingabout this eclipse, or other eclipses.

or how much money do youmake as an astronomer? you know, what kindof car do you drive? one woman asked me at nsta, isaid, you got to ask a question or you don't get a button. she says, well, are you married? we take all questions. we don't answer all questions,but we take all questions. we have a steminnovation lab, which is a unique resource within nasathat is directed by troy cline.

and this lab islooking at new ways of applying cutting edgetechnology to education through the venues ofnasa space science. so we're playing aroundwith 3d printing, 2 and 3d printing, virtualreality, remote observation, a whole variety ofthings that we will be applying to the eclipse. here's a picture, by the way,of troy in indonesia, right? indonesia, doing some eclipsescience with a blind man,

part of the indigenouspopulation there. pretty exciting. very nice, troy. we're going to be recordingthese events on a events map. people will be ableto fill out a form, assuming they don't get caughtup in the paperwork reduction act. that's tbd. but fill out a form if you'regoing to do an observation,

if you're going to have aneclipse party, if you're going to have an event atyour house or at your museum. and then people will be ableto find out what's going on, and go to these locations. and i mentioned our sciencevisualization capability. this is a visualization thatour svs lab, our science visualization lab, put together. i'll just play it. it's very short.

ok, there's the promo. sorry. we have three visualizationsthat are similar to this, showing the eclipse fromvarious vantage points in space. and these will be made availableon our website for anyone to download. see? so coming soon, iseclipse2017.nasa.gov. we hope to launch inthe next month or two.

it's going to have all ofthis information, science content, activities, and more. and what is left to besaid is the amazing event we're going to be holdinghere at carbondale through the wonderful skilland expertise of nasa edge. and so i introduce chrisgiersch to tell you about that. and we'll take questionsafter chris is through. so for those of you who havenever heard of nasa edge, our website here at the top.

write it down, becauseyou're instructed to download all 137 shows thatwe have when you get back home. it's free. we'll talk a bitmore about that. we are the agency-leadingvideo podcast for nasa. we cover a wide range of topics. every time i go out and talkto kids or talk to groups, i always say that we havethe second-best job at nasa, the first job being anastronaut, because what we get

to do is we get to travel toall 10 different nasa field centers, national,international, and we get to see all the cooltechnology, all the missions, on a daily basis, thata lot of these-- a lot of the engineers and scientistsdon't realize that nasa even does, becausethey're so confined to their particular project. we get to see it all. and we get to actuallyshowcase that to the public,

and tell it in a veryfunny and compelling way. so since 2007, we'vecovered a number of topics, covering multiplemission directorates, or we call mds, from humanexploration and operations mission directorate, heomd, toscience mission directorate, to the space technology missiondirectorate, to aeronautics. so we cover it all. and we've done 137video podcasts to date. we've done over23 live webcasts.

and that's what we're goingto be doing next year, august 21, righthere in carbondale, outside the footballfield, where we're going to bebroadcasting live for the eclipse, which i'lltalk about in a few seconds. and in terms of our metrics,we've gained in popularity year after year. just our video podcasts alonehave been downloaded or viewed over 60 million timessince we started.

so we're makingpretty good progress. for those of you who areup with social media, which will be a big part ofthe show next year, we are on most of the majorityof the social media sites that are out there. and so we'll be hittingthose social media sites pretty hard over the next year. ok, so what do we cover? like i said, we covera wide range of topics.

like i said, we'vebeen everywhere. we cover the new space launchsystem, the orion spacecraft. we do a lot ofdifferent competitions, one of them being therobotic mining competition down at kennedy. we cover planetary science,heliophysics, earth science. from technology,we'll be looking at game-changing technology,technology demonstration missions.

we cover the whole gamut here. and so-- and that is the coolestthing about working at nasa, is that-- to seeall the passionate-- the engineers,scientists, researchers. lou had had a slide thattalked about the people. and you saw some ofthem stand up right over there a few minutes ago. and that is reallywhere it's at, is the heart ofthe people at nasa.

what they do on adaily basis, and what they give to their job. really exciting. and on top of all thedifferent shows that we do, we do cover some of themajor agency missions. so we've done some majorlive events in the past. one being, of course,was back in 2012, with the venus transit. we were on top ofmauna kea, 14,000 feet,

for a seven-hour coverage,which was pretty challenging, just being at altitudefor seven hours. we were working with louand his team, provided pretty cool coverage forthe country, for the world. and then right afterwe got done with that, headquarters called usup and said, hey, look, can you do something forthe mars science laboratory landing, or curiosity landing? we said sure.

they said, why don'tyou go to england? so we went to england. we had to develop anotherlive show within less than two months to make that happen. and that was an excitingevent in the uk, where not only did wecover curiosity's landing, but then on the second half, wedid a whole segment on exomars for the european space agency,which was pretty exciting. so we've covered anumber of live events

over the past 10 years. and going back tothe transit of venus, and this is really wherewe're sort of feeding off of this particularlive show in getting ready for this nextbig event, which is going to be, ofcourse, the total eclipse, because we workedso much not only from a scientificperspective, for us, from a technicalperspective in how

to deliver a live webcast froma remote area to the world. so in this particularcase for venus transit, we had a number of partners--university of hawaii, we had andy lunt fromlunt solar systems, providing the solar telescopes,working with the different nasa field centers tomake this a reality. and i got to say,this was probably one of the highlights of mycareer working with nasa edge, was this event here,being on top of mauna kea

for seven hours. and we got-- we really did getlucky with the skies that day, because the night before,the forecast was for snow. and so we didn't have abackup plan at the time. but when we woke upthe next morning, the skies were beautiful,and we had a great coverage. so getting now to theevent next year, of course we have a year to go. we have a lot ofwork we have to do.

but just to kind of giveyou an idea of what we're going to providethe community, we're calling it the 2017 totalsolar eclipse megacast. so we want to providepath of totality coverage across multiple platforms. we have a lot ofpartners involved, with of coursebeing nasa tv, we're using nasa ustream accounts. we're going to be usinglivestream accounts, youtube,

other mobile platforms. we want to make sure thatwe have maximum coverage of this great phenomenon. so that's our goal. we're going to beingworking with headquarters, nasa marshall. nasa marshall issort of our spearhead for the videoprogram, where we're going to be providingthem our program feed.

they're going to be sendingit out to the world. nasa goddard is our technicalcontent with lou and his team. and of course, the greatsouthern illinois university, what a great experiencebeing here this past week. thank you so much, bob, forsharing this great experience with us, providing--giving us a chance to do some interviewswith some of you, and getting some videofootage throughout the week. also, we're going to be incontact with andy lunt again.

he's already agreedto help us out. he's going to be donatingseveral telescopes for the event. and so we're going to beworking on the technical end, looking at 4k, possibly 8k, interms of delivering the highest quality program feed. right now we're lookingat three-hour broadcasts, so we want to havesomething at the beginning and at the tail end,between the 90-minute path.

we're going to be havingsubject matter experts. we'll have prepackagedinterviews. we're going to havestack pictures, live views, social media. we're going to be working withother webcasters along the path of totality, andoutside the path, to see what their viewis, starting in oregon and going all the waydown through charleston. so we plan on having a lotof different game plans.

kind of think of this-- becausewe're in a college campus, we're right by thefootball stadium-- think of college gameday for football. so that's kind of abroadcast that we're envisioning, being outsidethe football stadium, having a lot ofdifferent areas where we'll have subject matterexperts doing demonstrations on the eclipse. so it's going to bea pretty good time.

and before i end, i just want toshow a quick two-minute video, and then i'll wrap it up. so if you've neverseen nasa edge before, i have a quicktwo-minute video that will kind of give you a flavorof what our show will be like. hopefully there's audio. [music playing in video] thank you, charles. are you picking meup on the lapel mic?

so i want to thank youfor the opportunity to speak to you today. i'm going to getright into talking about eclipse preparationshere at siu carbondale. let's see if this works. so how many of you arevisiting southern illinois for the first time? we've got quite a few people. and you might belike, where am i?

well, here's carbondale righthere in the center of the map. we've got st. louis. evansville, indianais over here. and paducah, kentuckyis down to the south. so if you came here down[? route ?] [? 3 ?] from st. louis, down this way, you weredriving through the eclipse path for about two hoursto get to carbondale. and you could continueon across the illinois. you can go for about anotherhour and be in the eclipse path

before you're out of illinois. the other thing i wantto point out here, this is a pretty wide state witha lot of public ground here. this green area over here, thisis all-- it's federal and state public ground. and we think of it as theshawnee national forest. but there's a lot ofbroken up pieces here. there's pieces that are ownedby the state of illinois and pieces thatare federal ground.

there's some great flat landhere to view the eclipse from, and a long stretch of road fromchester down to cape girardeau, missouri that provides some[? pull-offs ?] for people to actually view the eclipse at. over here on the easternside of the state, this is wherepeople traditionally think of with shawnee. and they think ofimages like this. so this is a garden of the gods.

it is over byharrisburg, illinois. and you have to search tofind viewpoints like this. a lot of the areais heavily wooded. but you can get upabove that canopy and actually see somegreat views of the sun. make sure you do yourhomework, figure out where you're goingfor the eclipse. the next thing iwant to show you know, i want to showyou a brief movie.

and i want to point outa few things to look for. this is a video thati posted on youtube. and i'm going to have thelink at the end of this so you can take animage of the link and watch thewhole video online. but this is from tanjungpandan, indonesia. i went there as part ofthe citizen cate experiment with sarah kovac. sarah is an undergraduatephysics major here

at siu carbondale. and we had a fewcameras set up here taking images ofwhat we were doing. i want you to look at thelight levels on those cameras. there are two different cameras,and they adjust differently to the light levels. this is a goprothat's on the sun. we're going to start about 20seconds or so before totality. and you will see somedata coming in here

from the telescope. so we'll go ahead and play it. [camera shutter sound] [non-english speech] - there it goes. - let's see here. hit it. - it's going, it's just out. there's [inaudible]

[cheering] - venus. go ahead and get venus, please. so i'm going to pause it there. if you want to see more,you'll have to go online. and i want to go ahead andtalk about this for a moment. you see this image down here,that's about the closest that the camera can get tohow dark it actually was. it wasn't pitch black there.

and as you heard people mention,it's like 15 to 30 minutes after sundown. you have a sunseteffect behind us here. this is looking west out over anocean that was just behind us. and this camera went intolow light mode at some point. we noticed-- youmight have seen it. it got brighter on that image. as it got darker, thatimage lightened up. so you can see thisside-by-side that these cameras

don't react the same way. and this one is greatlyexaggerated to how light it was. some of this light on ushere is actually coming off of the computer screen. the other thing, this isa slightly older gopro, and it didn't capturetotality very well. you just saw the lightfrom the sun kind of shrink down to the corona.

and the sky here, the thingsthat we noticed, the sky was a lot darker than this. we could actually see venusand mercury right away. you heard this amateurastronomer called out "venus" immediately. and we could have seen someother planets that day. you'll see themcoming up in 2017, provided you don't haveclouds blocking them. to us to the west,pretty far behind us,

we actually had cloudsblocking the other planets that were visible. and then the datacoming in here, did anyone notice how thatdropped in from the top? so that's because i gotpretty excited here, and i bumped that telescoperight before totality. so that's me getting thetelescope back on target. and this is anotherthing that you might have heard peoplesay today, if you're

seeing an eclipsefor the first time, don't mess with equipmentduring totality, unless that's your job. if you're running one of thescopes for the citizen cate experiment, getit back on target. and then enjoy the eclipse. so here at siu carbondale,we've been developing a plan to accommodate the 30,000to 50,000 people that we're expecting.

and we're using ourathletics facilities and the fields around themfor the core part of the plan. this is the arenaat siu carbondale, and this is the stadium. we did some toursthere yesterday with the nasa edgegroup that's here and michelle nichols from theadler planetarium as well. and we looked at thestadium here and the arena, because those are themain areas that we're

advertising right now. and we're going to be sellingadmission tickets for those. so those are the only twoareas we're ticketing. whereas, the rest of thesegreen areas around here, they're going to beopen to the public. we're trying to accommodatefor a lot of overflow that day. and we have a lot ofdifferent things going on. i don't know if youcan read these labels. we have an art andcraft fair in this area.

there will be food vendors setup just south of the arena. there will be a tailgatearea set up here with some outdoor observationareas for amateur astronomers as well as the generalpublic to mix into. and we've heard abouta few other things. i'm going to zoomout a little bit. we're looking at a largerview of the campus. siu carbondale's avery large campus. and this is just onesmall part of it.

the slide we looked at beforewas just this area in here. so what i want to draw yourattention to first on this, if you're an event planner,you think about, ok, where am i going toput all these people, and where are theircars going to go? so we've set aside 27acres here out at the siu farms for parking. this is right atthe edge of campus. and this yellowpathway here, that's

a shuttle route to bring peopleback into the main venues here. we also have some additionalparking highlighted here. these are all tentative areas. we've identified parkingspots for about an additional 25,000 people so farto campus that day, which i'm very happy about. at this point, westill have time to plan for additionalspaces for people. we have overflow downhere at some rec fields.

and in additionto those spots, we have a carnivalplanned on campus for the studentsstarting, i believe, friday night and extendingthrough the eclipse. and i heard the southernillinois airport talking about a fly-ineclipse event, which you'll have to read more thatas it becomes available online. the other thing i want to pointout here, this, way over here, that is a citizenscience area that we've

defined with-- citizencate is the core project that we have here so far. this is where the astronomyclub here in campus does their dark siteobservations currently. and it's a relativelyremote area. this is about a squaremile, to give you an idea of the size here. so it's about two milesfrom the main campus. and we've got parking here.

there's a relativelylarge parking lot. and it's securable. that's the other reasonwhy we picked this. it's gated at the northand the south entrance. this is just a farmroad going through it. so zooming in just a little biton a few of the venues here, this is the stadium. and this image was taken by dan[inaudible] about a year ago. maybe?

it could have beentwo years, right? this was-- well, itwas in august 2015, because we went out there rightaround the time of the eclipse. this was taken just after1:20 in the afternoon if i remember right. it was just at theend of totality. we did this on purposeto see where the sun was. the only seats in thisfacility that are in the shade are the ones thatare [? actually-- ?]

they're off of thescreen right now. there's about three rows rightin front of the stadium club on the west side ofthis that are shaded. we're not selling those seats. so those seatswill be roped off. so nobody sits there becausewe want everyone who has a seat to be able to see it. this field here, we'replanning on using this for large [? edutainment ?]activities, we're calling them,

so entertaining andeducating activities. we're developingthose in partnership with nasa and theadler planetarium and groups on campus. this [? berm ?] right here,i want to talk about that. if there's anystudents in the room, i know there's very few becausewe're in summer session, but this is where studentsusually sit for a football game, lay back on the grass.

that's facing the sundirectly during totality. so that, in my opinion,is a prime location to watch this eclipse from. the other great thingabout this facility is we have a jumbotron in it. so we can actually watchimages of the eclipse from across thecountry as they happen. we're planning onwatching the nasa webcast from this location,as well as basing

some people in this locationto cover what's going on. so tickets for this go on saleabout one year from the eclipse itself. and i want to pointout this is not the first event that we've donein this facility for astronomy. we've done two large ones,the last one being the lunar eclipse in september 2015. and we learned afew things there. the first one wasthat a lot of people

show up for a freeevent [? that's ?] got a movie going on. we showed apollo 13and chasing pluto, and did the lunarobservation here. we had pretty heavyrain the morning of and into theafternoon of this event. and still-- i think therain quit just a few hours before our set up-- still, wehad at least a few thousand people show upinitially, and i don't

know how many throughoutthe whole night. it was pretty packed. the other thing thatwas kind of surprising, we took the lights down. and i say [? we-- ?]athletics handles that part. we have an excellent athleticstaff here to run these venues. they took the lights down. this is a littleconcession light. that's a really dim light, butit shows up very bright here.

and the rest of the light'scoming from the jumbotron. and during thisevent, they offered to take thejumbotron down for us and blacken this whole place. but it was good the way it was. but what we did learn is thatthis bowl here, that seating, that blocks light from theoutside from getting in. so the cars going down[? route ?] [? 51 ?] and coming into parking, we don't seelights from them at all.

so that actually hasa very positive effect on viewing from this location. it's something that weplan to take advantage of because duringtotality, we're not going to have events going on. we're going to be getting thisis dark as we possibly can. the other thing is thatwe can do vip events there in the stadium club. you see a few peopleup here on top of it.

so there is some rooftopviewing access available. and it's a niceair-conditioned area. so that's going to take meinto my next slide here. the siu arena, we'replanning on using that for an [? astronomy, ?]science, and technology expo. and that's basically like a stemexpo is what most of this group knows that as. we have done the [? state ?][? science ?] [? fair ?] in this facility is theimage that you see here.

and this was onefor the whole state. i'm not just talkinga small regional one. but this was amajor science fair. and what's goodabout this facility, you have the whole floorhere that you can use. we're planning onusing that for vendors. and i believe the websitefor vendor registration went live just thismorning for this. it's off of eclipse.siu.edu.

we also have a jumbotron. and there are videomonitors throughout all of this facility, the stadiumclub and the [? stadium. ?] those monitors canbe tied together. so you can play theeclipse webcast, the programming that'sgoing on, throughout all these facilities. and we are planning ondoing that that day. we have excellent avservices in these buildings.

these are two verynew facilities. and we can go ahead andactually use the athletics av and the [? wsiu ?]resources in combination with what nasa is doing to makethis a very successful event. so with that, i'llsay thank you. i don't know if we havetime for questions. raise your hand if you'vebeen to the other planetarium before. awesome.

raise your hand-- i knowthis was asked before, but i want to do thislittle experiment. raise your hand if youhave seen totality before. raise your hand if you've seena partial solar eclipse before. notice most of the room hasseen a partial solar eclipse. you are in the adlerplanetarium situation. we will see 85% of the suncovered, approximately, at the peak of theeclipse on august 21st. so we will neversee totality there,

at least not for this eclipse. the picture on theleft-hand side of the screen is a screen shotfrom starry night. and so i went to the time ofthe major portion of the eclipse from us. and that's whatit will look like. and so notice thesky is still blue. we will not see darkness. if you have not beento the adler before,

we are located on chicago'sbeautiful lakefront museum campus. we are the first planetarium inthe entire western hemisphere. they did not exist in thisentire hemisphere prior to us. we are very proud of that. those of you whohave not been to us, what are you waiting for? come on. come see us sometime.

we have hosted lots of skyobserving events, transits, comets, all sorts of fun things. the goal for the eclipse isto be pretty straightforward. we want to be eclipsecentral for the chicago area. but we do not wantto be the place where absolutely everyonein the chicago area comes to see the eclipse. we want to increase the capacityamongst the entire chicago area to host their owneclipse viewing parties.

we can have 10,000people show up at adler, and that would not be surprisingto us if that happened. 10,000 people livewithin walking distance of the planetarium pretty much. so we don't have tobring them all down to greatly increase ourpopulation for that day. but the goal, like i said, willbe to increase the capacity. so i'll talk aboutthat in a second. we're expecting a lotof media attention.

this is what it lookedlike in front of the adler for the 2012 transit of venus. so we had the tv truckspark out right in front and hoist up those antennasand start broadcasting live. it was a lot of fun. we are expectingreally big crowds. this is for the transitof venus as well. so people just spill outeverywhere pretty much, outside for that.

we're expecting enormous crowds. so this is what it looked like. so the balcony up top there,so the next photo, this was taken fromthat balcony there looking out toward the city. the sun was setting over chicagoas the transit was happening. it was gorgeous. yes, i will still callit the sears tower. the sunset pretty much rightin between the building,

right next to thesears tower-- which is that big tall oneon the right-hand side if you haven't seen itbefore-- it set pretty much right between that building andthe next tall one next to it. so it was really neatto see the sun framed right in the middlebetween those two buildings as it was setting. but notice the crowds. that was somewhere around5,000 to 6,000 people.

we may get double that amountfor the eclipse in 2017. so what are we going to do? later-- so this is a screenshot from our current website. later in 2016, so we hopeaugust 21 of this year, we will start ourcountdown website. so everybody'sdoing a countdown. we're going to do one, too. and so we'll startputting information up there about whatwe're going to do.

and if people wantto know where to go, we'll point themtoward other places where they might want tocheck out more information about coming to see totality. we want to have amap where people can submit their owneclipse viewing parties for the chicagolandarea, basically saying, if you invite peopleto come, we'll tell people where you are.

so we'll also haveinformation about what we're going to do on eclipse day. so beginning in late winteror early spring of 2017, date yet to bedecided, we are going to begin a round ofcommunity engagement. and so we're going to schedulean intense batch of training workshops for anyone whowants to get trained on how to do some very simple eclipseand sun and moon related activities.

a little bit ofadvance promotion, i've got theworkshop around 4:30 about some of thesesame activities. so if you want tocome see me, i'll show you what someof these might be. think of it like aneclipse in a box. we will show up at yourbusiness, say it's a business, and we will showup with our box. and we will give you the box.

and we will showyou all the stuff you can do with allthe stuff in the box, including a batchof eclipse glasses and some little hands-onthings that you can do, stuff that takes like30 seconds to do, nothing terribly mind intensive,nothing that takes a long time. like i said, we don't wanttens of thousands of people to descend on theadler planetarium. our local infrastructure can'ttotally handle that, mainly

because-- well,i take that back. the infrastructure canhandle it because we share space on the museumcampus with soldier field. so we can get people inand out for football games. but this is going to be peoplearriving by car, on foot, by train, so they'regoing to show up. but we want to have peoplestay where they are if possible to see the eclipse. and so one of thethings, of course,

are those awesome solarshades that we all want, that we'reprobably all going to end up with 15 pairs of themafter this is all finished. but our programming will startto ramp up about 10 days prior so coinciding with the peakof the perseid meteor shower, we host a star party every year. so that will peak onaugust [? 12th. ?] and this is held at cantignypark in wheaton, illinois. so those of who know the chicagoarea, it's west of chicago

about 35 miles. and so we'll have anevening star party there. we always host it, rainor shine, no matter what. this is the kickoff. what [? we'll ?]leave from here-- so this is some of theactivities that go on. we have face paintersand telescope observing. occasionally we're lucky, and weget an [? iss ?] pass overhead. that happened acouple years ago.

we had [? iss ?] pass overhead. and i had everybodylooking at that [? iss. ?] and all of a sudden, boomthere goes a perseid meteor. and about 95% ofthe field saw it. so that was prettycool-- anyway, family friendly activities,big wide open space, great viewing of the sky. but what [? we'll ?] [? leave ?]from there is our regional outreach program.

it's called galaxy ride. and so we will get in a van,we will zigzag our way down through illinois hitting ruralareas in the week leading up we'll stop off in a town, stopoff maybe at their library, do a fun publicevent of some sort, and then move on to thenext town the next day. we will end up in carbondale,either friday or saturday prior to the eclipse, not quitesure what that day will be. and so the galaxy ridewill, like i said,

end up in carbondale. we're going to lookforward to hanging out with the folks who are here. oh, and these are pictures fromgalaxy ride from last year. here's one of the coolactivities that you can do. of course you can makea sundial, why not? you want to tell thepassage of time, right? so meanwhile, backin chicago, we have a 20-inch telescope that wehave in an observatory out back

behind the adler. we will not use thatfor the eclipse. it's not great forlooking at the sun. sun's already bright enough. we don't want to makeit brighter by looking at it with a 20-inch telescope. so we have two telescopesthat ride on the back of that. we will check those out,point them toward the sun. but we will likely,possibly, if we have not--

if we do this like we have donein past years, that will not be available to the publicbecause what will people do? they will want to stand in lineto look through the biggest telescope, and they will missthe entire eclipse standing in line when they canjust take their shades and look up andtake a look at it. telescopes won'tmake it any better. it will just make it bigger. so we will probablyclose that and just

have the media go and take alook through those telescopes, get their b-roll and move on. like i said, we donot plan on having a large number of telescopesor people to look through. we plan on doing projections. so people can gather around alarge image of that eclipse, take a look at it,take pictures of it, share it with theirfriends and family. so we are not going to dowhat that lady is doing there.

we are going toproject that image. so of course, if you haven'tseen solar projection, there it is. we're going to spread peopleout on the entire museum campus. so we don't wantthem to all go down the end of thepeninsula at the adler. we want to spread them out. so as soon as they get on thecampus, be it by car, bus, walking, we'llget them that way.

we want them toenjoy it because they don't have to go all the waydown to the adler to do that. we will have eyes tothe skies that day. we look forward to helping outwith the tailgating down here, helping out in thestadium however we can. hopefully as many peoplecheering on the [inaudible] in this picture will be cheeringon the eclipse that day, and then some. but one final thingthat we'd like to do

is we'd like tolaunch a high altitude balloon for that eclipse. our goal, crossedfingers, is live video of the eclipse itself and theshadow passage on the ground, two different cameras. and so that is whatour goal will be. so do we have timefor a question? the orchestra's going tostart playing shortly. but no, there's time.

what's that? no, there's time. there's time for acouple questions. a couple questions. yes? a quick question, i collectantique eclipse [? maps. ?] and i know that you have severaltreasures in your collection. you have some of the early1715 and 1724 eclipse maps-- sure do.

--by [inaudible] so it wouldbe an opportune chance for you to put that on exhibitin the weeks and months before the eclipse. yeah, they're alreadyfiguring out a [? history ?] of [? astronomy-- ?] thankyou for mentioning that. i didn't put it inthe presentation. we're planning todo a [? history ?] of [? astronomy ?][? exhibit ?] of some sort. we're trying to figure outexactly where in the building

it'll go. and that'll determinehow big it is. but yes, we definitelygot some stuff that we can show off for that. one thing you mayalso want to check to see if we mightalso have already put [? imagery ?] of thatmaterial on our website. we're making more andmore of it available. we have a searchabledatabase on our website.

and so [inaudible]want to look to see what we have already ofour history instruments and works on paper,i would highly recommend checking that out. and more will goup over the next-- yeah, there's already--the database is already up. and we're adding more to it asthe years go on. [inaudible] we have a question. shadia?

so i think iunderstood you saying you were going to take a busand go down and then give lectures to communities before. now, this is like you'retalking about the end of july, early august, and whenare not in school. how will you, you know, makesure that they will come-- libraries. libraries is who we hitif we're-- if they're not in school, then we loveto hit public libraries,

places where people already are. and so if there areopportun-- we can hit malls. we can hit libraries. we can hit parks. we can hit various places. and so that's been ourexperience in years past. so if it's a time whenschool is not in session, we won't hit schools. we'll hit places wherethe people actually

are in the summer. exact route yetto be determined-- if you would like us to cometo your town, let me know. thank you so much. thanks a lot. that was great. well, good to see everybody. and last year we wereholding the workshop at omsi, and so it's good to seea good turnout here.

i want to complimentsouthern illinois university in carbondalefor putting on a great show this year. so let's give them a handfor a great run this year. so i want to talk about theomsi preparation for 2017. and this is our logothat we'll be using. and i want to kind ofskim through-- and again, skim through and [inaudible]talk a little bit about what's going on in the state of oregon.

history speaks for itself. we've had two total solareclipse prior to 2017. and one of them was in 1918. and the only picturethat we really have is this one right herethat we [? find ?] from an artist in theoregon historical society. and then, this onehas been on display, i think, on a few websites. and then we had [? 1979 ?], andmost people recall that one.

unfortunately themonth of february means there's a goodchance of clouds. so we're fortunate thatthe eclipse that's going to happen in 2017 in august. --months ago, when itwas approximately 75% of totality and itwas quite bright. now portland is getting dark. oh, look at this. look at this.

it's midnight in portland. or at the eclipse. jules, can you-- you can't seeportland from where you are, but i must tell you,it's a spectacular sight. it's midnight, practically. frank, it's-- now we can see-- now i believewe're back to your camera. and we see a sliver of thesun, not quite total there yet. you notice how cloudy it is?

so what happened is mostpeople scrambled out of town. and people panicked. so they were outrunning anywhere they could to find a clear sky. at that time, i waswatching the eclipse. and we lost the picture. and i was in highschool at that point. and my high schoolteacher said that we're going to watch the eclipsefrom the classroom.

and i said, no way. so i told my parents, i'm goingto go out and find a spot. i drove out to goldendale tobe able to see the totality. and that was one of the bestdecisions i've ever made. because out in goldendaleit was clear-- well, for the most part. and we're going to seea quick newscast of what went on at goldendale. this is the cbs eveningnews with walter cronkite.

good evening. for parts of north america,the sun went out today. for a little under threeminutes, the forces of darkness ruled in daylight as agreat swath of shadow up to 190 miles wide cut acrossthe continent from the coast of oregon to greenland. it was the last total eclipseof the sun for north america until the year 2017. thousands of scientistsand amateur viewers

saw stars and the planets mars,venus, and mercury briefly dominate the daytime skies. there's been a gooddeal said in recent days about the ways ancientsresponded to an eclipse. as eric engberg andharry drinkwater report, modern man still hasn'tlost his sense of wonder. the moon's movement acrossour line of sight to the sun, just beginning here,gives the impression that a bite has been takenout of the solar disk.

these pictures ofthe eclipse were taken from a speciallyequipped air force research plane carryingscientists and photo equipment. cameras on board fittedwith extremely dense filters over their lensesphotographed the disappearance of the sun behind the moonfrom a point over north dakota near the canadian border. from 40,000 feetabove the cloud cover, scientists studying the eclipsehad an unparalleled view.

slowly the moon blotsout the entire sun as the moment oftotal eclipse arrives. some final sparkles ofsunlight filtered toward earth across the moon'smountains and valleys. then darkness. with the filter removedfrom the camera lens, the corona of the suncan be clearly seen. study of thissolar atmosphere is one of the main scientificbenefits from an eclipse.

more is being learned aboutthe corona all the time. many experts believe it has adirect effect on the earth's weather. the moon's movement bringsforth a second sunrise, ending the mid morningdarkness which had stretched across the horizon. and now they're goingto show goldendale. and goldendale is justout east of portland. eric engberg, cbs news,airborn above north dakota.

at the goldendale observatoryin washington state, astronomers-- amateursand professionals alike-- cheered the moon asit started to move across the face of the sun. nearby, at a replicaof stonehenge, druids, neopagans invoked their gods,mother nature and father time, to ensure cloudless skies. and generally the heavens wereclear for eclipse viewing, the last chance most americanswill have in this century.

because it's dangerous to lookdirectly at the sun, or even that part of it,eclipse gazers had to be ingenius--through peepholes, reverse images of the lunarsolar spectacular captured inside shoe boxes,infants put safely inside paper bags, cardboardmasks with special dark lenses. many of the thousandshere had prepared for months for these moments. as the totality of theeclipse approached,

the druids at stonehengeseemed almost spellbound. and finally at themoment the moon passes between the sun and thisspot on earth, total darkness. fireworks, a romancandle, venus, and the stars--the distant suns-- the only lightfrom the universe. and then, again, dawn. a second monday morning. and the peoplewere still in awe.

it was really a veryincredible experience. i saw some corona,and you know i-- oh, i was scared to death. i was a little scared. a very spiritual experience. it is to me anyway. as the warmth of the sunreturned, those who watched knew that they had seen an eventmost mysterious and dazzling. terry brinkwater, cbs news,goldendale, washington.

there's a good videothat just showed the emotions, the impact, theexcitement, the crowd, and so on. and so, this is where i was. this is [? the ?] viewpoint. ok? and you can seethat there's no way i'm going to get up that road. and so it was very crowded.

this is the old [inaudible] atthe washington park location. and they had all kindsof educational programs for the event at that time. and now we'll talk about 2017. with 2017, oregon isgoing to try to get the first look of the totality. and everybody'sgoing to be looking at us before it comes to you. and so there's a lotof excitement on that.

what i like aboutthere's some map that it kind of demonstrates90 minutes, that's the length of a standard movie. and then oregon is going tobe right in the first contact. and i want to showyou a real quick video from eclipse2017.org. and the first impact isgoing to be at the coast. it's a 16 mile path travelingroughly about 2,000 miles per hour.

and most of thetotality is going to be just under two minutes. and we hit the coastline. and then we hit what'scalled the valley, which is going to be salem. salem is going to bethe first capital that's going to be impacted by this. and then it movesover to the cascades. and then, once it goesover the cascades,

then it goes into madras,and then baker city, and then eventuallyto the idaho border. so it'll only take six minutesto go from the coastline to the idaho border. and oregon has alsobeen that you've been hearing a lot [inaudible]from [inaudible] that it's one of the primespots for clear skies. and madras and salem areone of the best candidates to have clear skies.

but don't let that deceive you. take a look at the redline, not the blue line. and the totality is goingto be in the morning. so it's dicey. it's all the matter of themarine air that comes in. these are actual photographsfrom the last two years. if you look at the photographs,you can almost moan. because there aresome chance that we can have cloudy condition.

but more importantly, youwill see in the photograph, oregon has a lot of wildfires. and you can see in someof these photographs, there's some wildfiresthat occurred over oregon. in particular, this one. so there's the valley. there's madras. and there's the coastline. so it's a goodchance for clearing,

but there's stillthe possibility. we're expecting 10 millionvisitors to come to the site. and not like illinoisthere in the midwest, we don't have thatkind of highway system that you would see here,where you can go from one spot to another. so it could be very,very challenging. [? that ?] a coastline, thevalley-- known as the winery. mount jefferson expecting5,000 people upon the mountain.

painted hills, verylittle parking. and down to the idaho border. you can see there's a lotof mountains out there. and then we havethe partial eclipse. oh, by the way, nobodyhas mentioned this. there is a partial lunar eclipsejust before the totality. and that will be on august 7th,but the other side of the world will get to show, not us. of course, omsi isgoing to be focusing

on educating the publichow to view the eclipse. we've had about 30years of experience in working with star parties. and we had a large crowd. just like the adler planetarium,we offer star parties throughout the year. and for salem, we have amorning [inaudible] activity. and we have theusual [inaudible] up and we're going tosee the night sky.

what i call this,the heart of leo. because the eclipse will occurnext to the star of regulus. so it seem to be that themewill be the heart of leo. and oregon state fairis located in salem, we're just about twoseconds off the center line. and the key thing aboutthis is that we're right off the freeway sowe have very easy access. and it's a very large facility. it can hold up to 10,000.

they have campgrounds,they have security, they have restrooms, all themakings for a really good infrastructure. and the eclipseitself, we're going to be on the amphitheater. so we have plenty of stage. and we're going to be featuringthe portland tycho band. it shows the powerof the eclipse. i've always wanted to do this.

and i promise i willnot be part of the band. and then we have the parking. and the main thing is that wehave made a very good agreement between the two of us. and we're very, verypleased how that turned out to work with the state fair. and we have a wonderfulpartnership involved, including a few universities. and we'll be handing outsolar viewing glasses.

and we're lookingforward to a big turnout. and we have theoregon star party is also going to behosting the eclipse viewing from central fill oregon. and these are allthe activities that are going to be seenthroughout the state. and i want to pointout a few of them. we have the state parks. there are quite afew state parks here.

i've been talking tothe governor's office lately because theyreally want to step up their infrastructureof their agencies-- the federal and thestate-- make sure they have plenty of patrol. we have omsi here. western oregon universitygoing to be viewing from their football stadium. we have oregon state university.

we have a thingcalled symbiosis, which is a strange name i hear. they're expecting 10,000 peopleout in the middle of nowhere. it's kind of like a burning man. and then we have[inaudible] in madras. and so on. so you can see, there's a lot ofactivity throughout the state. obviously, we cannotdo this alone. we have to have as manylocations as possible

for the public to beable to see the eclipse. and so that's partof our education is to let the peopleknow where they can go. and we've alreadygot plenty of media. last year, therewas this article that came out with concernabout the fire that's going to occur near madras. and then madras,as mike mentioned, it's the number one spot.

so that had gottena lot of attention. so i'm expecting madras to bein a gridlock on highway 26. and then we have to wait a whilefor the next eclipse, 2077. it's an angular eclipse,but look at the length, 7-- almost 8-- minutes long. and then, 154 yearslater, a totality. and it's going tobe right over mt. st. helens. something to think about.

in my 20 minutespresentation, there's a totality hadhappened 10 times. give you an idea. all of this excitement justfor a two minute totality. you can boil waterin two minutes. you can brush yourteeth in two minutes. kind of get that in perspective. where will you be? howdy.

how are you all doing? what a great conference. thanks to shadia, leslie brock,bob baer, and all the folks at siu. this is great stuff. you are the 1%. yes, you and me, we are the 1%. the 1% who have seena total solar eclipse. my name is john jerit andi'm the founder and ceo

of american paper optics, theworld's leading manufacturer of paper 3d glassesand, of course, safe solar eclipse glasses. this is paulo aur, mybusiness partner and coo of american paper optics. and our goal atamerican paper optics is to turn the country intonot the 1%, but the 100%. the 100% who can safelyexperience this historic event. now we all know thatwe can't get everyone

to the path of totality. what we can striveto do is to make sure that everyone has accessto our iso approved safe solar glasses. at american paper optics, we'vebeen producing eclipse glasses for 25 years, starting withthe 1991 eclipse in mexico when we produced a millioneclipse glasses for my still favorite corporate sponsorfor any eclipse, corona beer. since then, we'vemanufactured tens of millions

of eclipse glasses forevents all over the world. now in order to makeall these glasses, you need a factory like the onewe have in memphis, tennessee. so here's a littlesnippet we're going to show you from a currenttv program being broadcast all over the worldabout our company. today on [inaudible]glasses are still made by american paper opticsfrom their factory in bartlett, tennessee.

american paper optics isa 25-year-old company. we've got 40 employees. we manufacture allof our own paper 3d glasses in our own plant. in our 25 year history, we havesold over 2 billion 3d glasses. so basically, youcan figure that i've put glasses on about a fourthof everybody in the world. american paper optics receiveorders for a vast array of styles of 3d glasses.

each client can have theirglasses designed specifically for them. so the first step inthe production process of the glasses is artdesign and graphics. once the designshave been finalized, the glasses begin life ashuge printed sheets of card that are produced off site. the sheets ofprinted card are then moved into a diecutting press machine.

the printed sheets aredie cut one at a time in the flatbed press. on the first passthrough the press, the eye holes for the glassesare cut and knocked out. these eye holes have tobe precision cut because of the next phase,which is the gluing of the film to the paper. in addition, theback of the glasses have to be perfectlyaligned with the front.

now that the sheetshave been eye-holed, they are ready for thelaminating process. this is whetherglasses are fitted with their all important coloredfilm, ready to create the 3d effects. the first step of theprocess is gluing the film to the front sheet of theglasses, covering the eyeholes. once completed, the sheetis automatically folded over and the back is gluedto the front in order

to trap the filmbetween both sheets. the glasses areinspected for quality throughout this process. the real key to manufacturinga pair of paper glasses is really the gluingand the lens technology. so with our automatic gluingequipment, one of our machines can actually glue50,000 glasses an hour. this company didn't just produceglasses with 3d lenses though. they've branched out to reacha whole range of markets

and customer demands. what makes our product uniqueis the high quality printing, the high quality paperand dye cutting assembly that my staff does. but what really makesamerica paper optics unique is our lenses. we've got specialty optics thatnobody else in the world has. glasses that are used todemonstrate everything from eye diseases to 3deffects to amazing effects

that allow you to even look atthe sun during a solar eclipse. after waiting forthe glue to dry, the freshly laminated sheetsare sent back to the dye cutting machine again. it is at this pointthat the glass are cut into their final shape. as well as this, they'rescored in order for the glasses to be able to be folded. what we're known for at americanpaper optics is our speed.

you could actuallycall us on a monday and get 1,000 glasses, let'ssay, branded for your wedding. and we would have thoseglasses the next day for you, branded and ready to ship. the sheets are thencounted into stacks of 50. the glasses are then strippedfrom the sheets and stacks, noses pulled out, rubberbanded, and packaged in cases ready to be shipped. in some cases, customers requestthat the glasses come folded.

and american paperoptics have a custom built folding sheetthat can quickly fold bundles of 50 glasses,ready to be packaged. as you can see from ourmanufacturing process, we are poised and readyfor the 2017 eclipse. and we're committed tomanufacturing and distributing 100 million glassesfor this eclipse. yes, that's right, 100 millionsafe solar eclipse glasses. and how do we achieve this goal?

well, to do it, weneed corporate sponsors to pay for the glasses. we don't care if we getone sponsor to give out 100 million glasses, or if weget 10 to 20 sponsors giving out 5 to 10 million each. that doesn't matter. but what we do need is your helpto continue to raise awareness for this event. continue to let people knowthe significance of it as well.

so the question is, how do youdistribute 100 million glasses? we'll do it like we've donewith other projects before. we can distribute via schools,museums, planetariums. we can distributethrough major retailers as a premium tobuild foot traffic or create event awareness. we can mail themvia direct mail, or as an on-packor in-pack premium. we can also build the glassesinto advertising inserts

that can be boundinto a publication or blown into a newspaper. for example, in 2000 we made600,000 solar glass inserts that were blown into the chicagosun times for the christmas day partial eclipse. so why would a corporatesponsor want to take this on? obviously, to build brandawareness through mass media. paper glasses are also alow cost, high impact item or premium with a greatreturn on investment.

the glasses can be usedto promote education. or they can be given awayas a gesture of good will. and more importantly, this isa once in a lifetime branding opportunity that is sureto create a media frenzy. so with that, i'm going toturn it back over to john. well, thanks paulo, forsetting that lofty sales goal. this guy wants me to sell100 million eclipse glasses. you've got be kidding me. well, maybe we can do it.

you know what? we can do it. i believe it. you know why? because in 2009, weproduced 134 million glasses for the super bowl. how did we do that? giant pair of scissors? nope.

it was corporate sponsors. we put together dreamworks,pepsi, intel, and nbc to distribute theglasses for the event. the glasses wereeverywhere at work. paulo, what are you doing? newsflash. you're going to have to goa little faster than that. make sure that guy fromrainbow symphony gets some. he probably will need some, too.

not everyone will have thesuper bowl for the backdrop for their marketing. but let me tell you whatwe did with cheryl cook in hopkinsville, kentucky. she followed ourprogram beautifully. using corporatesponsorships, she secured local banks,businesses, such as vineyards and convenience stores,and even schools. we designed the glasses for her.

and we showed how shecould gang run print them to get her best possible price. doing this throughher efforts, she sold 110,000 eclipse glasses. that's 110,000 glasses for apopulation of 30,000 people. cheryl, that's super. at american paper optics,we have all the tools to design, manufacture,and distribute, and achieve our goal to make sureeclipse glasses are

available to everybodyon eclipse day. we've been successfullygetting corporate attention through the use of this simplevideo we're going to show you. and this showscorporate sponsors how they can build eclipseglasses with their own brand as an advertising premium. on august 21st, 2017 oneof the most amazing events in our lifetime is set tooccur-- a total solar eclipse. sure we've allheard of an eclipse,

but chances arethat you've never witnessed nature'sgrandest spectacle-- a total solar eclipse. and that's ok. but blink, and it couldbe hundreds of years until the next one. so let's prepare accordinglyfor what astronomers are calling the largest skyevent in history, or as we like to call itthe super bowl of the sky.

the path of this totaleclipse will begin in oregon and end in charleston,south carolina, having crossed througha total of 12 states. everyone lucky enoughto be in this path will witness this once in alifetime total solar eclipse. so let's break this down. a total eclipse occurs whenthe moon positions itself just perfectly betweenthe earth and the sun. this perfect alignmentcauses the moon

to cast a shadow overthe earth, thus causing this extreme and raredarkness that is commonly referred to as totality. just imagine, daylight isreplaced by total darkness as several planetsbecome visible. flowers begin to suddenly close. and the temperaturetakes a dive. an amazing black holeappears in the sky as flames poke outof the sun's edge.

everything around you makingyou feel like you're in a dream. so why are we explaining this? simply put, everyoneobserving this event will need to be wearingspecial, lab tested, whether you are luckyenough to experience a total eclipse in nashvilleor a partial eclipse-- at 90% in chicago--everyone will still need safe solar eclipse glasses. the demand for theseeclipse glasses

will be unprecedented, with apotential 300 million people taking in this historic event. we at american paper optics,the largest 3d glasses manufacturingcompany in the world, are offering upthe only safe way to view the eclipse, with oursafe solar eclipse glasses. out of the 2 billion 3dglasses we have produced, tens of millions of those havebeen for past eclipse events around the world.

it's finally our turnto have one in the us. and it's our goal tomake sure everyone is safely equipped and ready togo with our lab certified, iso compliant eclipse glasses. we are already infull production mode, poised to satisfyall the demands for the largest celestialevent in history. so the big questionis, are you prepared. with hundreds of millions ofpeople taking part in this,

can you imagine the astronomicalmarketing opportunity? picturing your brandor logo emblazoned on these safe solar glassesas every single media outlet has a field day coveringthis historic moment. not only are you slapping yourlogo on to millions of faces, but you are alsoproviding the consumer with a safe andeducational product to take in this historic moment. now that's a marketing bonanza.

the time is now. let's discuss yourmarketing opportunity and how branded eclipseglasses as a premium can take your campaignto the moon and back. just last december, igot shocked with a cancer diagnosis. of course, as a 1%-er, my firstthoughts were not of my wife and my four smallyoung children. will they be taken careof if i don't make it?

my first thought was,naturally, will i make it to august 21st, 2017? will i see the big eclipsebefore i see the big dirt sleep? well, i'm happy to reportthat just a couple of weeks ago, that i am cancer free. so i'm poised and readyto sell that 100 million eclipse glasses. so come on everybody.

let's get mooned. my name is sophie margolis. and some of you whohave called in the past might have heard me on the phonegoing, hi, rainbow symphony. this is sophie. how may i help you? well, i am more than that voice. i am actually mark margolis,the owner of rainbow symphony's, daughter.

and since i am his daughter, ihave been raised on eclipses. i remember my firsteclipse in france in 1999. we took trains and cars andmade our way to center line. it had to be center line. so we got there, and it wascloudy for most of the day. a few clouds moved, butnot enough for a clear sky. and although i havesome recollection of seeing something totallyunbelievable through the clouds, what i rememberlike it was yesterday

was the excitementand eclipse fever that seemed to be all around us. we hopped on the train back toour hotel, got in the elevator, and my dad asked some people,did you see the eclipse? did you have clear skies? and they said, oh yes. and we only had to goto the roof of the hotel to sea the best view. i remember my dad laughingit off and saying, oh well.

we still had quitethe adventure. that kind of embodies exactlywhat an eclipse experience is. in some ways, theyare predictable. we know the dates, wherethey'll take place, but chasing themand getting to what you think might be thebest place on center line is a whole experiencewithin itself. my dad loves the chase. he has gone all overthe world to watch them

and with some of you. the experience of traveling,handing out our glasses to locals, hanging withhis eclipse chaser friends, setting out for eclipse day,and finally, the grand finale, watching the eclipse-- isall a part of that adventure. for him, this is a passion. it's never been aboutthe amount of glasses that we need to sell. it's been about being apart of something that

is so much bigger than us. and for that reason,i decided i wanted to be a part of a businessthat wasn't about just glasses, but it was about beinga part of that chase and having that passion. i am the next generationof eclipse chasers. and my dad's enthusiasm forhis products is infectious. rainbow symphony is my dad. and for that, i'mexcited to introduce him

so you can hear exactlywhat i'm talking about. and why rainbowsymphony is a company i plan to stay with, hopefullyfor the rest of my life, so i can continue on withthat very passion he has taught me tohave-- mark margolis. hello all. i'm mark from rainbow symphony. i'm the owner andpresident of the company. we've been inbusiness for 40 years.

and i thought it would beappropriate to start off by talking a little bit aboutwhat kind of got me into this and what led up to ourenthusiasm and interest in solar eclipses. and so i want tostart off by talking about my first solareclipse in 1990. we were building and shippingjust tons of eclipse glasses all over the us, mexicoand hawaii for the 1991 total solar eclipse.

at that time, i didn'trealize the scope of the event that the baja eclipse--that the baja eclipse was one of the longestdurations of totality, was happening rightin my backyard. it was over sevenminutes of totality and the longest inthe saros cycle. that was a swingand a miss, but we did realize there was asignificant need for eclipse glasses.

in 1994, there was an annulareclipse in the southwest us. we flew down to elpaso, texas where we were hosted by dan andshirley oplinger tropical adventures. we experienced abeautiful annular eclipse, with its perfectlyconcentric ring of fire. it was a great day,lots of people, really cool telescopesand lots of excitement. by this time, wewere sort of getting

the idea of what was happening. fast forward to 1998-- the totalsolar eclipse in the caribbean. again, we were busy atrainbow just manufacturing, shipping just tons of glassesall over the caribbean, aruba, curacao, to central andsouth america, venezuela, east of puerto rico andthe french west indies. we had decided for eclipse1998 to hook up again with dan, who is the chartermaster for several windjammer sailing vessels that werechartered for this eclipse.

this was to be my firsttotal solar eclipse. this is after making eclipseglasses for almost 10 years. we boarded the sailing shiplegacy, which by the way is at the bottom of theocean right now, in antigua. we boarded in antiguafor a 10 day sail around the caribbean,any of the islands and finally positioning us oncenter line on eclipse day. on eclipse day, thepreparations that were going on, the excitement and theanticipation was palpable.

everyone hoping for goodweather and clear skies. off to the west was theisland of montserrat. i think you can see it therethe island of montserrat. and that's thelegacy, by the way. and the island of montserrat--you can see monserrat is actually erupting. so it had been in a constantstate of volcanic eruption with plumes of smoke and ashdrifting through the sky. armed with my eclipse glassesand 10x fujinon binoculars

filled with two thousandoaks optical solar filters, we waited and finallyfirst contact. slowly over the nextcouple of hours, the moon took biteafter bite from the sun. there it was. the mythological dragonwas eating the sun. as the visible part of thesun got smaller and smaller, the first thing you noticedwas the drop in temperature and the change in lighting.

the brightest day wasvanishing into dusk. we were in a threedimensional dome of sunset from horizon to horizon. the colors were glowing likea maxfield parrish painting-- purples, pinks andoranges in the sky were reflecting off theclouds in the water below. someone yells, there's venus andmercury-- now the two brightest objects in the sky. shadow bands appeared on thedeck and another person yelled,

diamond ring, bailey's beads,then filters and glasses off. the sun, now only a sliver,disappeared behind the moon. we are in the shadow. what happened next wastotally unanticipated. with filters off my binoculars,i had, for the first time, a close up look atthe solar corona. luminous ribbons oftranslucent light were streaming fromaround the sun, dotted with beautiful,bright pink prominences.

what was unexpectedwere the tears that were rolling down my face--not uncontrollable sobbing, but like something touchedmy heart with pure love. it was one of the most beautifulthings i had ever experienced. it was a perfectlytranscendent moment. this kind of sealedthe deal for us. many years ago, actuallyover 40 years ago, the business structureof rainbow symphony was set up as an incubatorto facilitate and support

the development ofour creative ideas. the spark or the catalystcame from an introduction to the first embossedholographic diffraction gratings. we were truly givena gift and that was the gift of light and color. the deal was to spread the lightand bring positivity and beauty to people's lives. i mean, who doesn'tlike a rainbow?

our flagship productwas a rainbow window. just hang them in asunny window and they'll fill your room with rainbows. it's a future classicand a very cool product. as the company evolved, and aswe introduced more processes, we developed our first papermounted products-- rainbow glasses and fireworks glasses. this was the bridge fromfun and entertainment to diffraction elements forthe study of light and color.

our manufacturingcapability was quickly expanded to include manydifferent types of glasses. in 1989, fred marschak,then a professor at the university ofcalifornia, santa barbara, had asked us to make eclipseglasses from some silver mylar that he had provided. we did and the rest was history. since the 1991total solar eclipse, eclipse rainbow symphonyhas participated

in the majority of partial,annular and total solar eclipses around the world,as well as several planetary trances. we currently sponsor severalnonprofit educational and astronomical outreach programs,like the charlie bates solar astronomy project andastronomers without borders. i want to touch on a fewtalking points, the first one being safe solar viewing. at the end of the day,for all our instructions,

information andcertifications, we're telling people togo look at the sun. i mean we're tellingpeople, all of us, we're telling peopleto go look at the sun. the first thinkthat needs to happen is being clearabout the safest way to do this-- whento use solar filters and when it's okto take them off. in planning for an event, thisshould not be an afterthought.

it needs to bethe first thought, along with detailedinstructions. the impulse to look up wheneveryone is in the crowd is looking up is irresistible. the most important thing isthat you have the proper viewing device, hopefully a pairof our eclipse glasses. this is worth a visual ofthe do's and the don'ts. let's see if we can getsome do's and don'ts. these are the don'ts.

and actually when we werejust down in sulawesi where we saw the eclipsein march in indonesia, we saw just about every wrongway to look at the sun-- through x-ray film,through cds, exposed film, floppy disks,multiple sunglasses. i mean every wrong way to do it. candy wrappers were a big one. our friend jaypasachoff has made a very good point aboutour glasses over the years.

jay would call these partialeclipse glasses, the point being that you're to wear theeclipse glasses to protect your eyes from harmfulsolar radiation any time you look at thesun or the sun's reflection, no matter how smalla part is visible. if you're in a location wherethe sun is not completely covered by the moon, youwill wear your glasses 100% of the time to view thepartial faces of the eclipse. the cool part is, ifyou're lucky enough

to be in the path of totalityor the full shadow of the moon, you can take youreclipse glasses off to witness the wondersof a total solar eclipse. the show starts whenyou're in the shadow of a fully eclipsed sun. this is where yousee bailey's beads, the diamond ring effect, thesolar corona, and its structure with streamers,polar brushes, and beautiful solar prominences.

so if possible, and i thinkwe can all agree on this, get to totality. it's worth the effort andyou will not be sorry. as you all know,total eclipse 2017 will be the most media covered,viewed eclipse in history. hundreds of millions ofpeople from the us to canada and mexico will be inproximity to the path of totality or partialphases of the eclipse. our planning andproduction scaling

started over three years ago. they say that you canonly be as successful as your level of organization. to be able to produceand accommodate the demand forsafe solar viewers, we have upgraded our accounting,order processing and customer relations managementsystems, affiliate programs and e-commerce forgreater distribution, and accessibilityto our products.

production, printingand die cutting has been upgraded and expanded. our warehouse andshipping capabilities has been greatly expandedwith available dropship and fulfillment services for ourcustomers via air or ltl common carrier. we have put a tremendousamount of time and resources into preparing for this event. i would be remiss if i didnot acknowledge and thank

certain individualsfor their help. and i have to say a lotof those individuals are up on the screen right now. but i really have to thank--for their inspiration, teaching and guidance on the path-- firsta shout out to ralph chu, who's not here today, and terrycuttle, who is here today. i told you i wasthinking about you. right? and that's basically forthe testing and safety

standards for our materialsand the solar observing. thank you for your guidance. these are the guys that keepus on track and keep us honest. we were recently askedby mike kentrianakis if we had one word of advice forcustomers what would that be? the simple answer is this. order early. we're not early anymore. and order often.

with as good as weare and for as long as we've been doing this,the capability, production, staging, conversion ofraw materials into product is finite. nobody knows betterthan we do as to what is going to happenleading up to this eclipse. we have the ability to makethis the safest and most life changing event fora lot of people. for telling people togo look at the sun,

they need to have asafe way to do this. as a community ofeclipse chasers who understand theimportance of eye safety, let's make eclipse glassesand safe solar viewing the first thought forpreparing for eclipse 2017. and thank you very much for yourattention and for being here. well, thank you very much. we're from st. louis. my name is don fickenand i've actually

been the chair of thest. louis task force since we formed backin basically 2014. by the way, i amthe donald, in case you noticed the front part ofthat don ficken [inaudible] the donald. joining me today will betrish hershfield, who's one of our task force members. and she's got agreat story to tell. so we're going tokind of tag team.

i'm going to take a kindof a very high level. and then she's going to giveyou one good example, what we're doing here in st. louis. all right, first offst. louis has not had a total solar eclipsesince the year 1442. so we've had a bitof a dry spell. we have a lot of opportunity. we have 2.3 million peoplein the greater st. louis area and that's juston the missouri side.

1.6 million people inthe path of the totality. all they got to dois look out the door, and they're actuallyin the path, which is terrific opportunity. it's as big as nashville. and i think i could probablysqueeze that a little bit make and make us the biggestcity in the entire path. we have four countiesthat are 100% in the path. two large ones, jeffersoncounty and franklin county,

which creates atremendous opportunity. they're just avery short distance to drive from st. louis. and we've got greatroads, accommodations. by the way, allthe chicago people will be comingdown to st. louis. i'm sorry about the adler thing,but it'll work out really good for us there. and we are an easy drivefrom the major cities.

we are actually often overlookedbecause we are basically on the edge of totality. you can see it kindof splits the city straight down the center there. but still, in fact, some ofthings like the gateway arch, the cardinal stadium,basically the zoo-- heck, even the science center isnot in the path itself. but still we're at1.6 million people. what we've done-- it'sreally a massive area.

and so what we've done is we'veformed this task force back in 2014. we've built, really, we'veactually been meeting monthly faithfully. we've built a pretty goodtask force of over 16 people from cities, educators,whatever else. and we've beenfocusing our efforts, because the area's so vastwithin 100 miles of the st. louis sciencecenter, simply trying

to keep our perspective ofwhat we can actually do. we've done a lot of stuff. one of the firstbig things we did is in october of 2015we did a workshop, which we had a bunch of folks, mike,michael and a few other folks who are here todaywere actually there. it really started alot of city planning for us, which is terrific. we've done, believe it ornot, over 100 programs,

face-to-face programsout in the community through schools, throughplanetarium, through whatever, libraries. and we're on track right nowto get 100,000 eclipse glasses. i mean we just startedabout a month ago and we're well on thetrack to get that. and we've been gettingsome news coverage. we're starting to getpeople aware of what's really going on.

and we've actually got somethinglike over 20 viewing sites. and i'm going to really gothrough this list, because it's really-- we're tryingto go county by county because there's a lotof counties involved-- to make sure that weactually are getting a lot of things going on. before i turn it over to trish,who's going to really tell you one good examplewhat's going on, i wanted to say that we areplanning to have a solar

eclipse expo in st. louis. we've rented a 20,000square foot auditorium. it's got a 500acre park outside. it's a terrific thing. so we encourage vendors,even hopkinsville, whoever you guys want to comeand just set up a display. we would love to see you there. so i'm going to turnit over to trish, who's going to tell you ithink a terrific story which

i believe is a greatmodel for really planning so perry county, missouriis located 80 miles south of st. louis androughly 150 miles north of memphis, tennessee. with a populationof just over 19,000, our largest city, perryville,is home to half of these people. we are mostly a rural,agricultural county. knowing very littleabout the eclipse myself, i was told that the major threatof an eclipse is the weather.

so on august the 21stfor the past 10 years at approximately 1 pm, sinceour totality is at 1:18 pm, here is what you can expectfrom perry county-- no rain. we have 6 out of 10 clear skieswith three scattered clouds and one misfit mostly cloudy. feeling pretty confidentabout our weather stats, we continued planning. so eight months ago ibegan rallying the troops and building my task force.

some were skeptical andthat was to be expected. some were defensive andthat would be expected. if you are in charge ofyour eclipse destination, gather all the leaders ofyour community that you can. these are my expertsin my county. let them take care oftheir respected fields. i don't need to plan ingressand egress routes for my county. team up with your 9-1-1 andyour state highway department. they know their roads and canprovide safety and directional

signs where most needed. i don't need to try to figureout how many port a potties are needed at the soccer fields. let your health department andyour park recreation people help you with those numbers. they are familiar with largercrowds and sanitary needs. i could try to doall these tasks, but these are my professionalsthat i am depending on. and at the end ofthe day, it will

be done more efficiently,more complete, and with better resultsproviding a better eclipse experience for everyone. once i had my taskforce set, my next focus was on my working force--local businesses, companies, industries in my community. i presented solareclipse power points on awareness andeconomic benefits to my local coffee andconnections, lunch and learns,

business after hours, women'snetwork, bank power lunches, chamber meetings,and many others, and with varied attendancesanywhere from 20 to 150 people. now my focus was onschool and educations. this is an undeniableeducational opportunity for our kids. and i wanted our teachers andprincipals and administrations of all of our schoolsto know how important this extraordinary event wasgoing to be, and to allow them

plenty of time to plan theireclipse in their curriculum. on august 15th, 2016,dr. angela speck will be addressing and educating500-plus educators and faculty at our perry county backto school conference. these 500 teachers and staffaides and school administrators will be going backto the classrooms to teach and inspirenearly 4,000 perry county kids ranging frompreschool to college level. each teacher will create andcustomize an eclipse lesson

to fit theirclassrooms and kids. the schools are planning allday, on campus field trips, utilizing their football fields,track fields, playgrounds, and best parking lots. every teacher, whether science,physics, math, or poetry, is brainstorming how theycan bring the eclipse to life in their classrooms. my schools will stay in session,and i anticipate many parents going to school that daywith younger children

to make sure that they have asafe family eclipse experience. we are also implementing thelibrary telescope program, which i pitched tothe library board and not only did they approveperry county's library, but they want to incorporatethe program in all seven of their libraries. so we're not only promotingastronomy, science, and eclipse in perry county, but throughoutthe southeast missouri region. where do i go with 10,000to 20,000 additional people

and still give them an awarenessand awesome eclipse experience? and how do i know for sure thatthose numbers are realistic? we currently have four publicviewing sites, a 35 acre soccer complex, 168 acres citypark, a 40 acre field and a 12 acre field. additionally, we have twowineries and two roll bed and breakfasts with acreagedesignated as viewing sites. we are also creatingprivate viewing sites for groups of 50 to 150 at viparea hosted by local residents.

and we have our perryvilleregional airport, which we are marketingas a sweet spot for those who have the resources tofly in, watch the eclipse, and then take back off. our regional airport is alsohome to sabreliner aviations, and has the uniqueability to welcome a multitude of various sizeaircrafts, from crop dusters to private jets togovernmental dc-10s. as we quickly approachthe one year out mark,

perry county hasalready committed to purchasing 25,000solar eclipse glasses. we have already reserved65 portable bathrooms. we have mailed outsome invitations nationally and internationally. our local water company willbe donating bottled water our local hospital will besetting up cooling stations at our public viewing sites. we will have monthlyradio interviews

in august with our localradio station, who will become our eclipse voice of the day. we have wineries and breweriesmaking special drinks. we have restaurantswith special menus. we even have a florist thathas a special petunia named the night sky inhonor of the eclipse. and right now we'recurrently locking in details for the perry countysolar fest for the weekend prior to the eclipse.

with music, a street dancecarnival, 5k glow run, an educational, mobileplanetarium, vendor booths, and night star gazinglocations among others. it is very important tome, my city, and my county that everyone hasa great eclipse experience, both local residentsand our eclipse guests. we will be ready. we will welcome everyone. and we will have anunforgettable eclipse

experience. i know time islimited for this talk. you know how thesetalks never open? with a monologue. so let's try this. sun and the moonwalk into a bar. the moon says to thebartender, two coronas, please. the sun says, yeah. but make mine a light.

it killed back at the magazine. one more. i'm shortening this. the sun and the moon,already a little bit tipsy, walk into a bar. and the sun says,me and my friend would like a few[? librations. ?] so what i'm reallyhere to talk about is-- you're lucky ididn't have more time.

trust me-- is what we'redoing in st. joseph, missouri, eclipse preparations. and when i proposedthis project to them, i basically hadone thing to say. a question that i asked, doyou know how lucky you are? seriously, i meanthe 2017 eclipse, as you've heard by manypeople, will be the most viewed in history because of thesereasons here in the united states.

and st. joseph is one of theprime locations anywhere. how prime? so the blue line is thecenter line of the eclipse. and this is the airport. that's the southend of the runway. it is perfect. the runway, ordinarilya city like st. joseph wouldn't have areal large airport because it's onlyabout 80,000 people.

but the nationalguard is based there. and so the runway is8,100 100 feet long, and they fly c-130transport out of there. but it's notespecially the runway that we're talking about. and here's a view of the runway. and here are six c-130sway off in the distance. this view givesme the opportunity to talk about something thatyou can't see in this slide.

so here's the runway. but off to the northhere it is an area the guard calls the dropzone where they practice dropping in emergency supplies. it's way bigger than the runway. and so we're looking fora fairly large crowd. here are the statisticsat the airport. and, [? xavier ?], i amsorry that i have not included your calculationof the limb of the moon

because that does addmore than a second to our duration of totality. and because we'retalking about an airport, i always lists that theshadow is moving at mach 2. so that tends to impress people. saint joseph is the largestcity entirely in the past. and i know don was talkingabout st. louis, 1.7 million, absolutely. but as far as citiesentirely in the path,

st. joe is the fifth largest. now, this city isnot in the path. but i wanted to tell you thatthe vegas line on attendance to our eclipse, the underis about 200,000 people. we can handle probablytwice that many. but i'm really hoping twicethat many don't show up because of many, many reasons. now st. joe does offer onehuge advantage, huge advantage. they've done thisbefore-- not eclipses.

the last eclipse inst. joe was 1806. so that's not why. why is because it's an airport. it's a big airport. and they've done airshows there before, the last one in 2012over two days saturday and sunday saw over140,000 people come to it. and just so happens thatthey're doing another one this year, which is a greatpractice run, literally,

so that will happenaugust 27 and 28. and of course, i'll be there. so right now i havesome priorities. and the first oneis creating what i like to call the idea squadto bring to the airshow. mike reynolds, oldsthat all of you know, is going to be there alongwith several other people that we're justgoing to walk around. we're going to look at parking,we're going to look at camping,

we're going to look at theway the displays are set up, and every aspectof the air show, and what can we incorporateduring the eclipse, what do we not want to use, andwhat can we make better. so that is one ofthe main priorities. another one is-- right now, allof the talks that i'm giving are to astronomy clubs,approaching them for help. and i've got some clubs coming. well, kansas city,you might figure,

only 40 miles down theroad is a no brainer. if i couldn't convincethem, why do it? so the astronomicalsociety of kansas city is one of the clubs. the northeastern floridaclub, mike reynolds is bringing about 60 people. and they also have asister club in england who's flying over, spendinga week in jacksonville-- is that right--and then coming up

and helping outwith the eclipse. they'll all have telescopes. the franklin institute--i've got a very good friend who runs the planetarium there. he is coming. he is going to livebroadcast from there, and he is talking to theastronomy clubs in the delaware valley. so i'm looking for greatparticipation from them.

and then i just spokerecently to the club in green bay, wisconsin. and they are actually bringinga group of probably 50 to 60 people down to st. joe's. so that's one of mypriorities right now as well. another one is rooms. i got an email froma guy a week ago that said every room inst. joe's is sold out. well, that's not true, becauseonly one of the hotels there

and two b&bs have evenopened up rooms yet. as you know, because ofsoftware limitations mainly, most hotels don't sell theirrooms until a year out. luckily, in addition tothe rooms in st. joseph, we also have many,many more rooms just down the highwayin kansas city. so that's a priority. setting up early, everyclub that i talk to, well, can we get in the day before,or can we get in that saturday?

so that's one ofthe things that we have to iron outbetween now and-- well, really, between now andthe day after the air show. can people get in early? and finally, gettingthe word out. and how am i gettingthe word out? many ways. website, totally dedicatedto the st. joseph eclipse that i used to call by mylittle company name front page

and i was with a friend. and he said, what doesfront page science have to do with the eclipse? and i said, oh, it's my company. and he said, no. what does it have todo with the eclipse? so the next day ichanged the name to sainjosepheclipse.comfacebook page, everybody is usingfacebook these days.

also, podcast. this morning i posted my69th podcast in the series. that's 69 weeks. that's well over a year. it's still the only 2017eclipse-related podcast on the itunes. it's been fairly popular. so that's good. print media is anotherthing that we're doing.

we've already hadtwo major stories in the kansas citystar, which is a fairly large newspaper,one of which i wrote, and one of whicha reporter wrote. we have tv coverage guaranteedbecause one of my good friends when i worked in kansas cityis the chief meteorologist of the abc affiliate there. this is brian busby. and we made the bigtime because tyler

did a poster for our event. and i didn't putposter over here because i didn'twant to mess up. it was great artwork. and if you think i want to coverthat up, here's my new book. and so i was going toput book over the cover. finally, i'll just mention. we talk about weather,weather, weather. st. joe, let's talk aboutthe last four years.

2012 at eclipse timethe red box, clear. 2013, yeah, yeah, yeah. 2014, and 2015 allclear at eclipse time. now, as they say inthe stock market, power performanceis no guarantee to a future performance. but if i had asuperpower that allowed me to create a total solareclipse in st. joseph every august 21, and we lookback at the last 20 years,

we would have seen19 of those eclipses. so odds are-- i'mnot making promises. i'm not guaranteeing anything. odds are that wewill see the eclipse. if you're not witha group, if you don't have a scheduledactivity, or if you're not planning to do one,come to st. joseph i can certainly use the help. for this session, i'm goingto have about four slides

in the beginning. but then i want to open itup to some participation, and discussion, and somebrainstorming on how we can leverage and magnify ourefforts through social media. so first of you'veall gotten the memo that's the official hashtagfor this conference is eclipse 2017 workshop. and i haven't been ableto go online and check out it's doing.

but i'm sure thata number of people have become either awareof this conference, or are becoming aware of,or are learning about this through this hashtag. in my earlier presentationwhen i mentioned why this is properly calledthe great american eclipse, you'll recall that oneof my bullet points was it's first major total solareclipse in the social media era.

and i'd also like to saythat if you're doing outreach about the eclipse, and ifyou're not on social media, then you're not doing it right. and the importance of socialmedia is several fold. one key point aboutsocial media is that it is the best wayto reach young people in underprivileged communities. i have two young adult children. and i frequentlytake their pulse

of how they gettheir information. and i know this. they never read a newspaper. and they almost neverwatch television. although they did whenthey were young, but now they don't evenwatch television. so they're not going toget their information from a broadcast on tv. but particularlywith my son, i know

said he was fairly knowledgeableabout current affairs. and so i asked him. how does he get his news? how does he get his information? and he told me youtube andsome of the other social media outlets. so it's a realitytoday that social media is how young peopleget their information and people fromunderprivileged communities.

so this is animportant way for us to reach a very broad audience. and the primaryoutlets, i probably not listed every single one. but there's facebook,instagram, twitter, snapchat, and so forth. you can read the list. of this list, i think thatprobably the most important ones are facebook,instagram and twitter.

and if you're going to dip yourtoes into the social media, and if you onlychoose one, i would say facebook is the 800 poundgorilla of social media today. the thing about facebookis i have two living parents who are quite elderly. and i'm very luckyto still have them. but both of my parentswho are in their 80s, they're on facebook. and the reason they're onfacebook is they are lurkers.

they're there on there becausethey want to see pictures. and they want to seewith their children, and their grandchildren, andnow their great grandchildren-- fortunately, they have greatgrandchildren-- are doing. so a very broad part ofthe american population is on facebook. i'd also like to suggest thatsocial media has a bigger impact than the web, which hasa greater impact on broadcast media, which also has a greaterimpact than print media.

this is a progression of media. and social has become moreand more popular to the point where for large segmentsof our population, it's eclipsed all theother forms of media. and why is this true? because it's is the mostdemocratic media that we have. it's the only platform thatcontents really can go viral. and it's a proactive media. that's a wonderfulaspect about it.

and i've heard inseveral conversations that people are frustrated,that television stations aren't promoting the eclipse yet. it's not happening. but we can dosomething about that. we can put quality contentout there on social media. and we can be proactive inspreading the information about the eclipse. and social now drives broadcastmedia to an increasing extent.

for example abouta week or two you may have seen on televisiona short video of a lady in a chewbacca magazine. and she's laughing hysterically. you may have seenthat on television. but the only reason that thevideo showed up on television was because it wentviral on social media. so viral content on social mediais driving broadcast media now and the final key pointabout social media

is that the public-- we arethe curators of content. it's not google searches. it's not news outlets. it's not journalists. it's not other authorities. that the public decideswhat goes viral and spreads like wildfire. so we can really multiplyour influence through social. so about gettingstarted with social,

hashtags are crucialfor discovery. hashtags are howpeople can identify content that's going viral. hashtags are used bythe social platforms to define what goeson the trending lists. so it's important touse common hashtags. the other thingabout getting started is the eclipse isnow 14 months away. it's time for us toget started right now

if you're not already active. pick one or two platformsand then get started. be consistent. you're not going to instantlyget a large audience. but you can growit over some time. that's what i've done. i've been consistent, and nowi have a fairly good following on social media. and it'll startslow but pick up.

about magnifying ourmessage, use common hashtags. these are the hashtagsthat i've been using, eclipse 2017, solar eclipse,great american eclipse, and i think towards the veryend, just simply eclipse. these will be thereally common hashtags so that if you're makinga post, use a hashtag because that's how people candiscover your content the best way. i'd like to suggest thatall of us-- and i know

that a good fractionof people are here are already active on social--follow each other. do a courtesy. let's help each other out. follow each other, like eachother's content, retweet, share. that's an important way forus to magnify or influence and really help each other out. and one thing is i thinkthat we need to-- let's see.

it cut out. i think we need to have adirectory of those of us who are active onsocial so that we know who to follow and toshare and grow each other. so that's the partof my presentation. but now i would like toopen it up for people to make their comments, theirideas, their suggestions about how we can help eachother and magnify our message through social media.

karen? oh, i'm sorry. i just wanted to point outthat the aas facebook page is /eclipse2017. and if you're looking forpictures from the meeting today, they're allposted already. so i keep that up. and i'm the person thattries to repost everything that all you guys are posting.

so i'm so thankfulthat your talking. mike, thank you so much. sure. and karen, would youin the eclipse 2017 take on the task of creatingsome form of listing or directory ofall of the people? and i'll post it onthe aas [inaudible]. great. she'll post the results onthe web page, the aas web page

as well as-- repeat the url. i believe the aasurl, l i'm trying to remember what it is offhand. it's aas.org/eclipse-2017. aas.org/eclipse-2017. and maybe i'll makea slide [inaudible]. other comments? other suggestions?

i'm holding the mic. so what you saidabout clicking like. i don't franklyunderstand whatever arcane formula facebook uses. it's beyond me. because i'll have things,which will just go nuts. and i'll look at the numbers. and i've had content which is--the exposure's like 60,000. and it's been shared as manyas a couple of thousand times.

but what you say about clickinglike is so key because if you can click like asyour own profile, and if you have a page,click like that page too. and if we can all agree tojust follow everybody and then click like oneverybody, everything that we see-- becausei have personally been negligent of that-- i'llsee your content, for example. but i won't click like. but it occurs tome what you said.

it's so important because thatincreases facebook's exposure overall, which then snowballs. and that's how thingsbegin to go viral. because of somethingfalls through the cracks, and does not geta bunch of likes, and it'll just get 200 looksand that's the end of it, it will just die down. you've grown your pagetremendously in a short time and i gotta commend youfor what you're doing.

it's a great page, and you'regetting some great exposure. over here. and to jay's point,clicking-- there's two forms of likes on facebook. there's a like of a page. but there's also likeson individual posts. and both are important. michael, in my most recentjob i was the director, operations directorof a statewide radio

network in kentucky. and richard willknow about this. we had a guy-- this is howto generate excitement. we had a guy there namedmatt who started something called kentucky sports radio,university of kentucky sports. he started this out on alocal cable tv access channel. then he came to our radio. station we put itup on the network. he's now got 40radio affiliates.

he's been a regularhost and guest on espn. and we saw him atthe kentucky broad-- i sat down and talked with himat the kentucky broadcasters association conference. and i asked him what doyou attribute this to? and the thing that really,really worked for him was he was on facebook, on allthe social media every day. but he was doing a lotof inside baseball stuff. he was talking about, howdid we get this interview

with the player? [? foibles, ?] they made atrip when uk was out and in los angeles playing ucla. they traveled all theway across the country. and one of hisposts was about they were sitting in a wafflehouse someplace in nevada. and they werehaving a discussion about who was going to goup and take a bath first. it's this kind of stuff aboutthe inside that, like i say,

inside baseball stuff. how are you putting it together? what are you doingwith your event? what happened last night? did the telescope break? so on, and so on, and so forth,people love this kind of stuff. just some ideas. it's all about telling a story. and all of us havestories to tell.

so the key to success on socialis telling a compelling story. michael, i think i'dlike to bring up one. we've been talking about thisfor the governor's office, using social mediaas an advantage to work with theemergency response team, whether all the agency to becommunicated in some form. and so we've been talking aboutthat, a lot about not sure how we're going to do it,but that would discuss. and number two, when i startedto bring up the facebook

discussion with my museum,they immediately responded. well, we need a full timeperson to monitor the facebook on the eclipse, especiallywhen it gets closer and closer. it becomes a verydemanding thing that we respond toeverything, we [inaudible] and other communicationthings that becomes complicatedthat have to become streamlined a little bit. mike reynolds.

who has a video thatjust went viral? that's what i was goingto mention, michael. that last sunday, scott robertsat the middle stage regional [inaudible]conference in columbia shot a very shortone-minute video of me talking about the eclipse. posted monday on facebook, therewere 5,000 views and reposts as of today, lessthan five days later. so it's a very powerful wayto get a message out there.

unfortunately, i didn't havea chewbacca mask i could use. but that'll be my next post. but in that short video,you showed such passion about people comingto the eclipse. that was infectious. and that's why thatcontent went viral. and we need more of that. popular. so from what i'verealized, going off

of what a lot ofpeople are saying, it's really humanizingthe experience. because a lot of uscan really get mixed up in science and things that alot of people don't understand. and i do social media. and michael has been sogreat at sharing our stuff. and i think that also attributesa lot to likes and views too because i know that weshare on twitter, facebook, and instagram whatother people post.

and i think humanizing itby taking everyday people's pictures, andreposting, and sharing what people have tosay around, it really humanizes and gets peopleexcited for the experience. and another thing that wewere just talking about was that twitter, we've cometo realize as millennials, is something that we use theday of the event or something that's happening live. like if it's theoscars, or if it's

the superbowl, that's whenpeople are really, really active on twitter. we've had the mostsuccess on facebook, i would say, at the moment. but do not disregardsnapchat because for us, it's a huge deal right now. it's how we get our news. they just put up new newsposts every day, live news. and so we get our news frombuzzfeed, from snapchat.

and they're reallyrising in the ranks in terms of the social mediayou want to be on for sure. i'll have to check out snapchat. i haven't used it. i'm happy to show anyone. i follow a ton of people. and another super importantpoint about social is when you go to the astronomyclubs, or star parties, who do you see?

you see middle-agedwhite men, predominantly. an the readership ofthe astronomy magazines, that that's who it is. but on social media,you're reaching everybody. you're reaching every type ofcommunity that's out there. and that's so importantthat we broaden our message to the entire population, notjust the people who are already predisposed to this interest. newspaper?

what's a newspaper? ok we're going to moveon to-- is that it? do we have all the questions? thank you, michael. his mouth is movingand he's not talking. eclipse chasers arelike people who fish. they love a good story. and we've just heard whatthose stories can accomplish. and i am dan mcglaun.

i run eclipse2017.org. and i'm going to tell you astory about the 2016 eclipse. it is a wonderful story. i'm going to give you avery quick overview of how it came to happen the wonderfulthings that happened to us, what made it so special for us. and then i'm goingto turn it over to mike[? kentrionachus ?] who is going to show you a video thatyou're not going to believe.

in 2015, joe [? rayo ?], hisname has been mentioned before. he's a meteorologistwith news 12 in new york. after the 2015eclipse, he went online to look for somethingvery special, a flight, an eclipse flight. well, that's not very special. every eclipse haseclipse flights. but he was lookingfor a commercial plane whose regularlyscheduled path might

cause it to be able to bein the shadow of the moon and why does he do this? well, in 1990, he condensedamerican trans air to delay their flight 402 by41 minutes from honolulu, san francisco so thateveryone on board could be treated to a totaleclipse, the first time in history that it had everbeen done from a regularly scheduled commercial plane. no small feat that tohave a major airline

delay one of their planesso the people on board could see an eclipse. most people arehappy with a movie. this is the crew. and look at-- right hereis this eclipse flag that's going to play intothe story just a little bit. i will not bore youwith the details. but i can tell you that joestarted in march of 2015. it took him six monthsto even get an audience

to get the higher ups atalaska airlines convinced that their flight 870from anchorage to honolulu would be able tointercept the path. and all they would have todo is delay it 25 minutes. he enlisted the aidof glen schneider. glen is not here. neither is joe. but glen schneider isknown to most of you as someone who does a lotof eclipse calculations, who

is a master at eflights,at programming airplanes, and coming up with flightplans so that airplanes can be in the path of totality. now glen came through. he was extremely busy. but by october 26 he camethrough with a flight plan. the very next dayjoe got an email. hey, this is really great. we're on board.

it was a 17-page flightplan with contingencies for altitudes, and windsaloft, and takeoff times, and mid-eclipse intercepttimes, of different-- he had every contingency covered. and he had written it likea real massive proposal. and it got accepted. joe announced it on the seml. the next day i bought aticket because i was not going to pass up a chance tobe on a commercial plane that

was just going to happento intercept the eclipse. alaska airlines went alittle bit radio silent. but then on march 3rd theyissued a press release. they said, yes. we are going to do this. and it was on from that point. there's-- i'm not goingto show the plane. i don't have time. this is the nightbefore the eclipse.

joe is on the left. and our captain, hal andersonis on the right seated and going over the plans. this is the chief pilotfor alaska airlines. the chief 737pilot was on board. training pilots were on board. flight attendants had drawnstraws to be on this flight. it was really a big deal. and when i saw thelevel of detail

that was going on withthis flight planning, i thought, well, maybe theweather is going to be bad. it's anchorage in march. maybe we're going toget there and-- oh, we can't have our passengerslooking at the sun. are you crazy? we're not going to do that. we didn't know whatwas going to happen. but when i saw this the nightbefore, i was convinced.

in fact, glen was in indonesia. he was going to watchthe eclipse from there. and the night before, usingthe latest altitude, or winds aloft, and flightplans that were there, he had issued even fromindonesia the last plans that were ultimately used. this is great. we should be right ontarget at 336, 0336 ut. and keep that inmind, because i'm

going to show yousomething in a minute. so we all converged about10:30 in the morning. plane's going to take off at 2. we're at gate c5 at tedstevens airport in anchorage. and every newsteam known to me-- there was at least four newscrews there doing interviews. people were walking intothe gate who had just bought a ticketto go to honolulu, like what are all these people,uniform police officers,

and people with cameras, andcraig small in the background putting up the eclipse flag? that is the same eclipseflag, by the way, that you saw in the picture before. that eclipse flag--there we are. and here we are in frontof the eclipse flag. that eclipse flag-- andmichael, those are your shirt. i promised you i'dgive you a plug there. buy michael's shirts.

that eclipse flag has beento every total eclipse since the early 1970s,has not been clouded out. and in fact, craig small, who isthe keeper of the eclipse way, has seen 32 totalsolar eclipses, has never been cloudedout, never once. dibs for where he'sgoing to be in 2017. our aircraft wasparked at gate c5. we taxied gulf toromeo [? dekilo ?]. we held short atrunway 33 right there.

and what i want toshow you-- there is a picture of ourplane, our exact plane. and here i had asked alaskaairlines to give me all the gps read outs of our entire flight. but i had a back up, my phonewith the latest gps app. and i had synced tothe atomic clock. i was only one second off ofthe atomic clock when i landed. we took off and landed. so i know my gps readingswere pretty good.

and what i did wheni got back was-- you'll notice our airplaneholding short of that runway. and i had someone actually mockup our airplane in google earth so that i would be able to takethe view of the actual airplane that we had, andthe gps coordinates that i had, and do somethingspecial [inaudible] with them. this is me giving thepreflight announcement, or not the preflight. we're in flight already.

and i always wanted to do this. and charles, i includeda slide because i wanted to use charles'great facebook quote. when he saw this, he said,"your eclipse glasses may be used asflotation devices." thanks, charles, for that quote. appreciate it. normally, you willsee google earth, or you will see animations.

and we've seen the one by andrewsinclair earlier that look like this. and i do my calculations inexcel with a spreadsheet use infrared elements. and that's the end ofthe path of totality 2016 where the eclipse lifts off ofthe earth at the terminator. here you can barely seethese little white-- this is our airplane in googleearth using time stamps. and i'm going to zoomin on that and show you

what i was able to do. this is-- if youcan see the shadow. oh, you can't seeit at all can you? that's not showing at all. maybe the nextslide will show it. it shows perfectly on my screen. what i'm doing ingoogle earth is i'm calculating, not onlythe position on the earth, but the position upat 707 million meters,

or whatever it is. and i'm also usingan extended technique that i want to say i invented. but i did all the math. i'm projecting thatshadow off into space at the tip, where thetip is out in space. and that's harder todo than you think. you have to use the[? cellulan ?] method, and then translate thosecoordinates to latitude,

longitude, altitude. and it's not terriblystraightforward. this will show that you'reinside the shadow looking east. and that green that you seeon the ground is the-- now, you're inside the shadow. there's the outlineon the earth. and the shadow's lifting upand then going off into space. and you're actuallyseeing the entire shadow. now, why did i do that wasbecause when we were flying,

the shadow of theearth or of the moon was actually liftingoff the earth. so if i didn't dothis, i wouldn't be able to do whati wanted to do, which was to superimpose these. so here using my gpsdata is our airplane flying on its totality run. and i wanted to show thisbecause this picture was from a jordan sutton.

this-- and you'll seethis in mike's video. this is the shadow of themoon that's actually coming toward you from the west. and because it'sso low in the sky, it's actually almost tangentto the surface of the earth. so in google earthwhat that looks like, when i combine how our planeand the actual movement of the shadow is this. and this is what iwanted to show better.

there comes the shadow at you. there comes the plane. and hopefully, we're goingto intersect according to glen's flight plan. bam. there's the planegoing into shadow. now we're in the shadow with it. the trailing edgeof the shadow comes. and totality is over for us.

i thought that was cool now, how close is that? i'm not going to taketoo much more time. suffice it to say, we hit theflight plan within two seconds to within two kilometers. and this proves it. the red is theaxis of the shadow. and i'm movingaround to show you our plane at exactly 3:36when we should have been

in the middle of the eclipse. there it is, right there. we were treated to a shadow. we were treated to maitais that were free. i asked them for two o them. and they gave me two. we paraded the eclipseflag, me and craig. we celebrated in honolulu. we had the chocolate egg creams.

who's ever had a chocolate eggcream to celebrate an eclipse? who would rather have a mai tai? who would ratherhave too mai tais? and that's thestory of our fight.